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You\'ve had a great day travelling and you\'re relaxing in exotic surroundings, when all of a sudden you hear a familiar whining sound. Yes, you\'ve had your fun and now it\'s time for the mosquitoes to have theirs! Soon you\'re wondering where these cursed creatures came from and why they have nothing better to do than attack you. Since everyone encounters mosquitoes, but knows little about them here are a few facts you can contemplate whilst you think up new ingenious ways of squashing them against the wall: There are about 2700 different species of mosquitoes. Of those around 50 are immune to at least one type of insecticide. More than just a nuisance: Malaria Unfortunately, mosquitoes are much more than just a nuisance and their presence should be taken seriously when you decide to travel. Mosquitoes carry diseases such as malaria, dengue and encephalitis, so it is important to get some medical advice from your doctor before you set out. Here we are going to concentrate on malaria, which has been described by the World Health Organization as the "Number 1 Priority Tropical Disease". It is estimated that every year between 300 and 500 million cases of malaria occur and more than 1 million people die of the disease. Malaria is by far the world\'s most important tropical disease, and kills more people than any other communicable disease except tuberculosis. Malaria occurs in over 100 countries, so make sure you find out from your doctor about any precautions you should take on your travels. Malaria is mainly confined to Africa, Asia and Latin America, but cases have been reported in Europe. For example, the so-called "airport malaria" has become a problem in recent years. A person working close to London\'s Heathrow Airport became acutely ill and was found to be suffering from falciparum malaria, although he had never been out of the country. A lady driving her car past the same airport became ill with malaria although she too had never been out of the country. Four workers unloading a cargo plane at Amsterdam airport also became infected with malaria. Public health officials concluded that infected mosquitoes were carried on planes from Africa and released at the destination airport. The Grim Part Ever wanted to know why mosquitoes bite you and what happens to cause malaria? Well then read on... The fact is that only female mosquitoes bite you (male mosquitoes do not feed on blood, preferring fruit juice and nectar). Female mosquitoes need a blood \'meal\' as it helps them to develop their eggs. Given that female mosquitoes lay around 100 eggs eight to ten times during their short lives (between 3 and 100 days), there\'s quite a demand out there for your blood ! If it\'s any consolation many people believe that mosquitoes prefer cow\'s blood to that of humans. Malaria is a protozoal disease transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito, caused by minute parasitic protozoa of the genus Plasmodium, which infect humans and insects alternatively. There are actually four kinds of malaria that can infect humans: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae. Plasmodium falciparum is the most widespread and dangerous of the four: untreated it can lead to fatal cerebral malaria. Humans get malaria from the bite of a malaria-infected mosquito. When a mosquito bites an infected person, it ingests microscopic malaria parasites (plasmodium) found in the person\'s blood. The plasmodium parasite develops in the gut of the mosquito and is passed on in the saliva of an infected insect each time it takes a new blood "meal". The parasites are then carried by the blood in the victim\'s liver where they invade the cells and multiply. After about two weeks the Plasmodium parasites return to the blood and penetrate the red cells, where they multiply again, progressively breaking down the red cells. This induces bouts of fever and anaemia in the infected person. In cerebral malaria, the infected red cells obstruct the blood vessels in the brain. Malaria can also damage other vital organs which can lead to death. The Good News... The good news is that at present, malaria is generally a curable disease if promptly diagnosed and adequately treated. Effective anti-malarial medicines exist and if the disease is detected early and adequately treated, lives can be saved. Due to the action of organisations such as the World Health Organizations, countries are now paying more attention to preventing malaria. Malaria is diagnosed by the clinical symptoms and microscopic examination of the infected person\'s blood. The disease can normally be cured by anti-malarial drugs. Once the drugs take effect, the symptoms (fever, shivering, pain in the joints and headache) quickly disappear as the parasite is killed off. In certain regions, however, the parasites have developed resistance to certain anti-malarial drugs, and so require treatment with other more expensive drugs. ...And The Less Good News Although uncommon, it is possible for an infected person to develop a relapsing type of malaria months to even years after travelling to a malaria infected country, even if the person had been taking the appropriate malaria medications to prevent the illness. Any traveller who on their return develops a fever that lasts more than a few days should have prompt medical attention and must be screened for malaria. While malaria medications such as chloroquine, doxycycline, or mefloquine (Lariam) can prevent symptoms of acute malaria from developing by suppressing the infection in the bloodstream, they do not prevent relapses of infection caused by certain strains of the plasmodium parasite that have a persistent presence in the liver. Fortunately, the most common type of malaria is the plasmodium falciparum strain which has no relapsing phase, so anti-malaria medicines should prevent any symptoms of infection. However, if you have been given anti-malaria medicines it is necessary to continue such medicines for four weeks after a possible exposure to ensure that the infection has run its course before the medicine can be safely stopped. Other strains of malaria such as plasmodium vivax, plasmodium ovale, or plasmodium malariae can infect a person\'s liver and persist in a dormant state for months, or even up to several years, after exposure. Because of this risk of relapse, travelers to areas where malaria is common are not allowed to donate blood for up to three years after returning. Don\'t Panic! Hopefully, this article will have drawn your attention to the problem of malaria and why you should take adequate precautions before you travel. Make sure you see your doctor well in advance of travelling and seek advice whether you need anti-malaria medicines. Make sure you take them as prescribed don\'t try and ditch them before your course is up (the usual reason being because most of them taste disgusting). You can also help yourself when travelling by taking measures against mosquitoes. These include protective clothing, repellents, and bednets in tropical climates. If you plan ahead, get the right medical advice and follow it, you are unlikely to run into problems. Happy travelling! Information available on the Internet: Here are a few sites that might be of interest. Remember that there\'s a lot of rubbish and scare-mongering out there so don\'t believe everything you read! If you have any doubts about the information you read, check with your doctor. http://www.who.int/health-topics/malaria.htm http://www.malaria.org/travelhealth.html http://www.outbreak.org.uk/1999/990520.html#4 The information provided in this website is offered for general informational and educational purposes only; it is not offered as and does not constitute medical advice. In no way are any of the materials presented meant to be a substitute for professional medical care or attention by a qualified practitioner, nor should they be construed as such. You should not act or rely upon any of the resources and information available in or from this website without seeking the advice of a physician or other health care provider. |
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