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It¡¯s been said for years: ¡°accidents happen.¡± And so they do. Weather you¡¯re at home, work or in the wilderness, there¡¯s always a chance that an accident could occur. Burns, falls, scrapes and bumps happen in a split second, but the results can be extremely painful, and in some instances, life-threatening. For this reason, each of us should know basic first aids steps - enough to get the person - or ourselves - safely to medical assistance.
Minor first aid in the wilderness can be a simple matter of applying anti-bacterial cream and a band aid. Wash injured area well with soap and water, cold water from a canteen, or wipe clean and apply germ-fighting cream. Dry skin well before applying any bandage. Larger wounds might require a compress of gauze taped to the injury, then wrapped to keep secure.
Insect bites and bee stings are painful but easily treated with special creams or by washing the area with household ammonia or baking soda water. Poison ivy or other toxic plants, when coming in contact with the skin, can cause a minor rash or even masses of blisters. Treat with soap and water first; then rubbing alcohol can be dabbed (not rubbed) onto the area. Calamine lotion will help relieve the itching. For an attached tick, light a match, blow it out quickly, and then touch the back end of the tick. This will cause it to back out without leaving the head in the skin. Wash thoroughly with soap and water.
Most people immediately remove the shoe of a sprained ankle, but in most cases, this is the wrong thing to do. Removing the shoe can cause the foot to swell rapidly and the shoe cannot be put back on the foot for travel. Instead use a bandana to go under the shoe in the arch and bring the bandana ends behind the heel. Cross them, bring them in front of the ankle, cross there, and then tie off. This will support the ankle until medical assistance is available.
Burns require a little more attention than minor scrapes and cuts. Large burns will send any person into shock, causing additional concern. First treat the victim for shock by replacing wet clothing, wrapping him in a blanket, and elevating the feet 8 to 10 inches to encourage increased blood flow to the heart. Don¡¯t raise the feet if the injury is spinal-related, or for broken bones in the legs or hips, or if the person has a head injury. First degree burns, although uncomfortable, are mild and can be treated with aloe, burn ointment or cold cream. The person should remain out of the sun until the burn heals.
With a second degree burn, blisters will be present. It¡¯s important not to rub or further irritate the blisters. Cover them instead with dry, sterile gauze until professional medical assistance can be found. Third degree burns are very serious. Don¡¯t try to remove clothing - it could be stuck to the flesh. Treat the person for shock and take them for medical treatment immediately.
More severe injuries, such as a deep cut, require quick action. Gushing blood should be stopped immediately by placing a clean cloth over the wound and pressing down with some force. Blood loss is rapid from arterial cuts, and the person will need medical attention in a matter of minutes. Continue the pressure on the gushing wound until help arrives or until the blood no longer squirts. Don¡¯t remove blood-soaked pads; add more to the stack instead. Wrap tightly and seek medical attention right away.
A tourniquet can be used but only in extreme cases where a limb is so damaged that it¡¯s impossible to stop the blood from exiting the body rapidly. In such an emergency, wrap a strip of cloth twice around the limb, an inch or so away from the wound, on the side closest to the heart. Tie off, insert stick and tie again. Turn the stick until the blood stops squirting. Use a second strip to tie the end of the stick to the arm or leg to keep the stick from unwinding.
Minor injuries can be treated in the wilderness and those involved can continue on with their trip except for a little discomfort to the injured, but major injuries require the person to be transported to the nearest medical facility.
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