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A seizure, by definition, is the result of abnormal, pathological electrical activity in the brain, resulting in abnormal behavior of the body and brain. Epilepsy is a term used to describe a group of several disorders that cause recurring seizures at unpredictable intervals. Estimates indicate that as many as one in one hundred individuals may be epileptic to some degree.
Not all seizures, however, are epileptic, nor are all epileptic seizures caused by epilepsy. This statement is probably confusing, at first glance, but that may hopefully be alleviated. First, not all "seizures" are epileptic: while the term "epileptic" by its origin refers to the seizure itself, modern medicine defines an epileptic seizure by the abnormality of electrical impulses in the brain associated with the condition. Non-epileptic seizures are called pseudoseizures, and are generally psychological in origin, as opposed to physiological, though this should not be used as an argument to discount their legitimacy as an ailment.
The second part of that statement said that not all epileptic seizures are caused by epilepsy. Epilepsy is, by definition, a condition that produces recurring seizures. Some seizures, even those with epileptic electrical activity, are caused by factors other than an innate permanent condition, including physical trauma and abnormal blood conditions, such as a high level of alcohol or other drugs, or pathologically low levels of sugar or sodium in the blood. Dangerously high fever may, as well, cause seizures, especially in young children. An individual having a seizure under such extreme circumstances is not necessarily epileptic, as these stressors provoke the body into its epileptic reaction.
Seizures are only symptoms of epilepsy. Abnormal electrical activity in the brain is the root cause. For this reason, depending upon the type of abnormality, many types of seizures may be typical to an epileptic, though a variety of epilepsy is often defined by the variety of seizure which is prominent. Seizures range in medical severity from inconvenient to life-threatening, and treatment and strict avoidance of risk factors for seizure recurrence is a must for any epileptic.
The most common medicinal treatment for seizures is anticonvulsant medication, and while most epileptics receive medication as their main form of treatment, there is no cure for epilepsy, whether by medicine or surgery. Individuals undergoing a seizure may be given Valium or other heavy sedatives in the attempt to stop a seizure as it occurs, but these medicines are rarely prescribed over the long-term, partly as a result of the tolerance curve inherent to their use.
Only about 70% of individuals with epilepsy respond well enough to medicine alone, however. For the remaining 30%, epilepsy surgery may be a viable option. This surgery usually consists of either the removal of a part of the brain causing the seizure, or the surgical interruption of the pathways responsible for the abnormal electrical activity. The natural "plasticity" of the brain permits to some degree the damage or removal of its individual parts, with exception, as other parts of the brain find ways to make up for the loss exhibited by the removal. However, recovery from this type of brain surgery can be arduous, to the extent that the surgical option is usually reserved for severe, otherwise unresponsive cases. |
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