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According to the American Diabetes Association, over 18 million people in the United States have diabetes. Approximately 10% of those affected have Type I Diabetes, formerly known as juvenile diabetes, which occurs when the body makes only a small amount or no insulin at all. The other 90% have Type II Diabetes, which is categorized by the body’s inability to use insulin properly. Four things which can greatly help to stabilize blood glucose (sugar) levels and that play a major role in the treatment of both types of diabetes are: proper monitoring of glucose levels, proper diet, a healthy exercise regimen, and taking the right medications. Below are discussions of each.
TESTING YOUR GLUCOSE LEVELS
It is imperative that people with both types of Diabetes monitor their blood sugar levels throughout the day. Most often, this monitoring takes place when the person performs a simple finger prick and tests their blood using a glucose meter. Your physician will inform you of your normal glucose range, as well as how often you should perform the test. It’s very wise to keep an accurate, written account of what your blood sugar levels are each time you perform the test. This chore can be made easier by keeping a notepad or pre-written form with your testing materials, so you can write down results as soon as you are finished testing. Be sure to bring these results with you when you visit your physician. Finally, all diabetics should always have available a snack (ask your physician for suggestions), just in case sugar levels go too low.
DIET
The first step in modifying your diet as a diabetic is to realize that you have to feed your body throughout the day. Scheduling meals at the same time every day helps you to keep blood sugar levels stabilized. It is also wise to keep a food diary, which you can refer to if your glucose levels go to high or low.
The American Diabetes Association categorizes food in four different levels: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. While diabetics are encouraged to eat a variety of foods that contain these things daily, they are also encouraged to make wise food choices when doing so.
Simply stated, carbohydrates are types of sugars that give your body energy. Many diabetics assume that they should go on a carbohydrate free diet to maintain proper sugar levels. However, this is not true. Instead, diabetics should eat the “right” carbohydrates. These include fresh fruit and vegetables, whole grain cereals and breads, beans, skim milk, etc. Also, maintaining a diet that is rich in fiber can help diabetics to lose weight and stabilize blood sugar levels. While eating the right carbohydrates is an important part of the diabetic’s diet, it is also imperative to avoid foods which deliver the wrong type of carbohydrates to the body. These include foods that are high in sugar and fat (for example, cakes, non-diet sodas, chips, and other “snack” foods).
Protein is a very important part of a diabetic’s diet. Like carbohydrates, proteins provide the body with energy. Diabetics should try to eat only lean meats and poultry, and should avoid foods that are fried or cooked with high fat oils and butters. Consider using your diabetes diagnosis as an excuse to learn alternative ways of cooking, like stir-frying and baking, which can greatly cut the fat and carbohydrates in different recipes. Remember too, that you can also get protein from eating low fat dairy items and some nuts and legumes.
Diabetics should always strive to maintain a healthy balance of vitamins and minerals in their diets. Not only will this help you to maintain proper glucose levels, but it will also help your immune system to stay strong. If you think that that you are not receiving the proper minerals and/or vitamins through your diet, consider asking your physician to prescribe a multi-vitamin.
One of the most valuable people that a diabetic will come in contact with is their dietician. A dietician who is schooled in diabetes can inform you of exactly how much of each food, in each group, you should eat. Furthermore, dieticians can give ideas for alternative recipes, can assist you with monitoring both your diet and exercise plans, and may even act as your “champion,” encouraging you during high and low points.
EXERCISE
Exercise is one of the best things that you can do to help stabilize your blood glucose levels. Very often, people who suffer from Type II diabetes are also overweight. Following a healthy exercise program can help diabetics to burn off calories, shed pounds and, in conjunction with eating a proper diet, may lessen or even eliminate the need to take oral medication. Not only does exercise help lower glucose levels, but it also helps your body to maintain good circulation, which, for many diabetics is a major problem.
Before beginning an exercise program, be sure to contact your physician and dietician. This is particularly true if you are extremely overweight and/or have not exercised in a while. When discussing an exercise regimen, be sure to ask your doctor when the best time for you to exercise may be, since proper exercise programs vary depending on the type and/or severity of the diabetes.
Finally, remember that the best programs are those that are started slowly, in which a person learns to implement exercising as a part of their life, rather than just a passing phase.
MEDICATIONS
The type of medication that a diabetic is prescribed varies by the type of diabetes that a patient has, along with the severity of the diabetes. Very often, those patients who have Type I Diabetes will have to make up for the bodies inability to make insulin and hence, will have to supply the insulin intravenously. This is done by either giving a shot of insulin or using an insulin pump, which is a small box that is worn around the waste that administers insulin when needed.
Though people with Type II Diabetes may need to take insulin intravenously, their glucose levels are most often regulated by using oral medications. There are five different classes of these medications. Two of these, Sulfonylureas and Meglitinides, allow the pancreas to discharge insulin. Another called Biguanides, decreases the amount of glucose that the liver makes. The thiazolidinediones class of drugs allows insulin to work properly in muscle and fat, and also decreases the amount of glucose that is produced by the liver. The final class, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, assists the body when starches are broken down in the intestines. Since each class of these drugs has different functions, it is very common for physicians to prescribe a combination of drugs from one or more of each class.
It is often necessary for diabetics to take medications for other symptoms that may be caused as a side-effect of having diabetes. For example, many diabetics are also required to be on medication to regulate their blood pressure and cholesterol. Also, diabetics may be prescribed certain to types of lotions and/or creams to treat certain skin disorders that are caused by diabetes.
There are several drugs available to treat diabetes. If you, in any way, feel like your treatment plan is not working, discuss the possibility of other options with your physician.
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