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Most frequently diagnosed in young women, Borderline Personality Disorder or BPD is a serious mental illness that affects a person's self-identity. Once thought to be on the edge of psychosis, hence the label, borderline personality disorder affects more than 2% of the general population. Yet, it is still not as well known as the less common, but more publicized bi-polar disorder or schizophrenia. Many sufferers of BDP often attempt and succeed at suicide. Non-life threatening self-mutilation behavior is one of the prime symptoms of the disorder.
Symptoms of BPD vary in intensity, but are characterized by the instability of the patient's self-image. This can be seen through loathing of the self, and uncertainty of life choices, whether it is something as simple as career path or as difficult as sexual orientation. Other problem areas are friends, family, values, and long-term goals.
To be diagnosed with borderline personality disorder, five of the following conditions must be met.
1. A consistent pattern of unstable relationships, alternating between devaluation and over idealization.
2. Extreme shifts in moods, lasting anywhere from a few hours to a few days.
3. Persistent doubts about ones own identity, unable to decide at least two of the following: preferred values, choice of friends, self-image, long term goals, sexual orientation and self image.
4. Chronic feelings of boredom and or emptiness.
5. Suicidal or self-mutilating behaviors.
6. Impulsiveness in no less than two areas of spending, sex, binge eating, shoplifting, careless and reckless driving or substance use.
7. Recurrent physical fighting, anger or frequent displays of temper.
8. Fear of abandonment, either real or imagined.
While those suffering with manic/depressive episodes may find themselves in the same mood for weeks, a person with BPD shifts their moods constantly. Anger, aggression, and impulsive reasoning are triggered quickly and pass quickly, sometimes in as little as a few minutes and rarely more than a day.
Relationships are a major problem for those with BPD as often they can form intense idealization for a person or a group and if there is any form of conflict, quickly change to intense dislike or hatred. Families of people with BPD have an especially hard time as the patient takes what they sense as rejection to an extreme, accusing their loved ones of not caring.
BPD is closely connected with other personality disorders, such as depression, bi-polar disorder and anxiety, and a BPD patient will often exhibit more extreme impulsive behaviors such as risky sex, compulsive lying, over spending and binge eating. Drug use and alcoholism is prevalent in those diagnosed with borderline personality disorder.
No one is sure what exactly causes borderline personality disorder. Studies have shown that 40 - 70% of patients have been sexually abused as children, most often by a non-caregiver. Others have been neglected by or separated from their primary caregiver as a child.
Some researchers believe that BPD is caused by a malfunction of the amygdala; a small almond shaped area of the brain, which regulates negative emotional responses. Drugs that enhance serotonin levels play a large part in increasing negative thought processes in people with BPD. Alcohol can also trigger the same negative responses and cause the same results.
Treatment for borderline personality disorder varies depending on severity. In close to 20% of patients with BPD, hospitalization in a closely monitored psychiatric facility is needed. In many cases, medication and consistent psychiatric counseling can help the patient live a productive life. |
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