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Syphilis is a sexually-transmitted infection by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, a spirochete (long, spiral bacterium). It has been a common ailment for many centuries, blamed for perhaps more historically significant deaths than scientifically probable--it is, for instance, much more interesting to say that Mozart died of syphilis than, perhaps, pneumonia. Regardless, it is among the more common serious sexually-transmitted diseases, and can claim among its potential symptoms insanity and premature death. In past times it was often the basis of mass epidemic, especially in lower-class populations.
One of the more serious problems met in treating syphilis is in fact its proper diagnosis, as its symptoms are easily confused with those of less serious diseases. Additionally, it should be known to any potential sufferer that the eventual or sporadic disappearance of symptoms is actually one of the disease's hallmarks. The progress of the disease is usually divided into four stages, if one includes the latent stage between the standard secondary and tertiary stages.
* Primary Stage
- Occurs about one week to three months after date of infection.
- Chancres (with a soft ch, pronounced "shankre") will appear on, in, or around the genitals, as well as on other portions of the body. These are red ulcers, usually less than one centimeter in length, which do not bleed or especially hurt. Chancres appearing away from the genitals have a higher incidence of infection, and may pus over. Without treatment the chancre will heal within the course of one to two months, with light scarring.
- The lymph nodes surrounding any chancres that appear will feel swollen and sore.
* Secondary Stage
- Occurs from one to six months after onset of primary stage.
- Lesions will appear over much or all of the body, rash-like in appearance. Like the chancres, these lesions are painful only when a secondary infection occurs.
- Flu-like symptoms may develop here, including sore throat, fever, weight loss and fatigue. The eyebrows and eyelashes may begin to shed in part or in whole.
- Meningovascular syphilis may result during this stage. This is the term designated to the spread of the infection to the meninges, or covering of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). This may cause damage to the tissue of the brain.
* Latent Syphilis
- Symptoms may, but do not always, disappear completely for a period that may last from one to forty years, or more. Relapse into the symptoms of secondary-stage syphilis occurs in about one quarter of patients who experience latent syphilis. This is the only period in which the disease is not necessarily infectious, except by birth (a mother in her latent stage may infect a child).
* Tertiary Syphilis
- Can occur as early as one year post-infection, but may occur at any time. Only one-third of all infected with syphilis ever experience tertiary infection.
- Lesions like those which appeared on the skin in the secondary and primary stages occur throughout the tissues of the body, causing physiological problems including cardiovascular disease, insanity, blindness and, eventually, death.
Diagnosis occurs primarily on the basis of this symptomatic outline, but bacterial culture from chancre or sores can provide full verification, along with select blood tests. A spinal tap may be necessary for those with later-stage syphilis, to ensure that the disease has not been transmitted to the central nervous system. Treatment consists of prescription antibiotics, most commonly penicillin injection. Transmission is typically only achieved through sexual contact, as the bacterium is too fragile to undergo extended contact with non-host environments. |
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