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Although many twins are born in good health, women pregnant with twins face a higher risk of certain complications than women expecting a single baby. These complications include miscarriage, irregular fetal growth, high blood pressure, amniotic fluid abnormalities, placental abruption, premature birth, and congenital birth defects.
After being diagnosed as carrying twins, the mother may experience the miscarriage of one or both fetuses. Like other miscarriages, the miscarriage of twins usually occurs within the first twelve weeks of pregnancy. In rare cases, only one twin is lost and the fetus is reabsorbed into the mother¡¯s system and she experiences little vaginal bleeding. If this is the case, the surviving twin usually continues to progress normally.
It may also be a cause for concern if twins grow at rates that differ from one another, or if growth is slow for both twins. Known as fetal growth restriction, this condition could result in the babies being born early or having a low birth weight. Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome occurs when, of identical twins sharing a placenta, one fetus receives too high a blood flow while the other receives too little. Regular ultrasound exams can monitor the babies¡¯ rates of growth.
While carrying twins, the mother is at an elevated risk of developing health problems including high blood pressure, pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, anemia, and digestive problems including excessive vomiting. Health conditions developing in the mother during pregnancy can affect the fetus¡¯ health in a variety of ways from slowing growth to causing birth defects or death in extreme situations. These conditions, while potentially serious, are generally minimized as risks when recognized and treated early.
Pregnant women are also at risk for amniotic fluid abnormalities, particularly when the twins share the same placenta. There may be too much or too little amniotic fluid, or the fluid may be discolored. Most women who have amniotic fluid abnormalities will still give birth to healthy children, but the abnormality should be investigated and treated so that harmful effects to the mother or child are minimized. In rare cases, amniotic fluid abnormalities can be harmful in themselves as well as a possible indicator of serious problems.
Amniotic fluid abnormalities also increase the likelihood of placental abruption. Placental abruption, the separating of the placenta from the uterine wall prior to birth, occurs more frequently in pregnancies of multiples. Placental abruption can lead to pre-term labor and delivery.
The most common complication in multiple births is pre-term labor and delivery. Twins are frequently born early, prior to thirty-seven weeks of pregnancy (full-term being approximately forty weeks), and are considered pre-term. Twins can have low birth weights or be of unequal size. Premature babies bodies and organ systems can be immature, many have low birth weights (under five and a half pounds), and they will need special care.
Premature babies are at a significant risk for multiple health problems, including neurological problems, respiratory problems, digestive problems, and early death. The earlier pre-term babies are born, the more likely they are to develop such health problems. Additionally, whether they are born prematurely or full-term, twins have a higher risk of being born with birth defects, such as heart or gastrointestinal abnormalities.
Mothers having twin births have an increased chance of needing cesarean section due to abnormal fetal positions, maternal medical conditions, and fetal distress. In addition, postpartum bleeding is likely to be more severe after giving birth to twins.
Although a twin pregnancy is a high-risk pregnancy, the possibility of the pregnancy resulting in a healthy mother and children is by far the most likely. As with any pregnancy, women expecting twins should seek prenatal health care early and follow their physician¡¯s advice closely. Additional information can be found in a variety of sources, such as books in your library or at a bookstore and online medical information accessed on hospital and medical center websites.
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