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Muscular dystrophy is a rare, hereditary disease of the skeletal muscle, resulting in the chronic weakness of muscle tissue and the death of muscle cells, caused by gene abnormality that hinders the proper production of muscle tissue. The most common mutation occurs in a gene responsible for the production of dystrophin protein, a protein integral to the cellular membranes of muscle fibers. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is among the most common forms of muscular dystrophy, and its onset is generally in early childhood. It results from the lack or total absence of the dystrophin protein. Becker muscular dystrophy is the result of a mutation of that same gene such that the protein is defective, rather than absent.
The symptoms of muscular dystrophy are usually associated with the weakness of the skeletal muscles, which may result in the inability to walk or severe difficulty with walking. The facial muscles may show weakness, as well, resulting in difficulty with speech or facial control, often including the drooping of the eyelids. Muscle biopsy is the main method of diagnosis, which involves the surgical removal of a small piece of tissue which is examined microscopically. Other methods may include blood tests to check for an excess of creatine kinase, an enzyme whose elevated presence in the blood may indicate muscle damage. The ongoing death of muscle tissue that occurs in patients with muscular dystrophy can in this way sometimes be identified or measured. Complications from dystrophy may include forms of heart disease (especially with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy), the inability to reproduce, and mental deterioration.
Treatments are severely limited, due to the incredible extent of the disease. Physical therapy and activity is strongly encouraged, as inactivity can lead to the severe and irreversible escalation of the disease. Medications applied may include quinine or phenytoin, which can help to ease the occurrence of myotonia, the inability of some muscle tissue to properly relax after contraction. Prospective treatments include the possible blocking of a growth factor called myostatin, which inhibits muscle growth. Blocking this factor may allow for increased muscle mass in patients with muscular dystrophy, and may so significantly improve the chances for long-term survival and the improvement of the condition. Work with myostatin and the blocking of myostatin is still in its early stages, but the next decade may show progress in this field, especially as a treatment for muscular dystrophy. Wyeth, a pharmaceutical company in New Jersey, is as of 2004 undergoing human testing with an antibody engineered to attack myostatin in hopes of neutralizing it.
Muscular dystrophy does not necessarily guarantee a severely shortened lifespan. While some cases may deteriorate acutely, others may be very mild and escalate only over the course of many decades. This is largely dependent upon the variety of muscular dystrophy in question. Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually results in a projected lifespan of about twenty years, depending upon the possible use of certain heart medications and artificial ventilation. Other milder types of the disease may allow an individual to live a full term of life.
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