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In Buddhist society, monasteries are not merely places where monks and nuns live, study and worship. They are also ever-present reminders of the goal of the Buddhist path: to transcend attachment to the material world and thereby reach nirvana.
The community of monks and nuns, also called the sangha, serves as a model to other Buddhists as to how to live an ethical life. These are the people who have transcended material concerns and are on the path to enlightenment. By pursuing this path, they provide an ethical model for the entire community, and it is their example Buddhist laypeople follow when striving for a moral life. The ethical guidelines these monks and nuns must adhere to are far stricter than those prescribed to laypeople, but by obeying these rules, members of the sangha serve as an inspiration to other Buddhists that a moral life is within their reach.
The sangha is one of the key components of Buddhism, as illustrated by a phrase central to Buddhist philosophy: ¡°I take refuge in the Buddha, I take refuge in the Dharma, I take refuge in the Sangha.¡± The very existence of the sangha is thought to be beneficial to the entire community, because it is believed that the merit gained through the monastic life can be directed towards the well-being of the rest of the community.
The duty of a Buddhist monk or nun is primarily spiritual, and the chief concern is on detaching oneself from worldly concerns in order to achieve a higher level of spirituality and ultimately achieve nirvana. They have withdrawn from the world in order to focus on elevating their own spiritual state, and so much of their time is spent on their own quest for enlightenment. One of their main contributions to Buddhist society is serving as role models for other Buddhists. However, they also serve their community in a more hands-on capacity, by teaching, guiding and assisting laypeople. In fact, the Buddha insisted that members of the sangha provide instruction for laypeople and teach them how to live ethical lives.
The monastery is actually a monastery / temple complex, which includes school buildings for the community¡¯s children, as well as halls in which the laypeople can attend and participate in ceremonies. Members of the sangha also perform rituals both at the temple and at the homes of laypeople, and monks may even come to the homes of dying people to recite sutras, which are the teachings of the Buddha.
The sangha is also important as an example of societal reform. The society of India, in which Buddhism arose, was separated into separate classes, or castes. Members of certain castes were allotted to certain roles in life, and could not move up or down within the caste system. However, Buddhism allowed all classes to become members of the sangha, and even allowed women to join at a time when women were not recognized as equal members of society. The sangha is therefore an important example of one of the fundamental beliefs of Buddhism: that all people are created equal and that a person¡¯s honor depends not on the circumstances of his or her birth but on how morally and spiritually accomplished that person is.
In Theravada Buddhism, a form of Buddhism dominant in south and southeast Asia, the monasteries also help young men in their journey into adulthood. One of the most important rites of passage is the initiation ceremony, in which a young boy temporarily serves as a novice monk. The initiation corresponds to the puberty rite of passage, but it also serves an important spiritual function, signifying the transformation of the boy into an adult. The initiation is accompanied by a great celebration attended by the boy¡¯s family and friends. After the guests leave, the boy¡¯s head is shaved and he takes the monastic vows. He lives in the monastery for a few days or weeks, and practices the rituals of Buddhist monastic life, including begging for food. During this time, even his parents will bow to him to acknowledge that he has reached an elevated spiritual state. When the boy returns to his normal life, he is considered an adult spiritually, and may enter the monastery again in the future if he chooses.
While few Buddhists choose the monastic life, its presence is an integral part of their religious tradition. The sangha represents the ultimate goal of the Buddhist path, striving for nirvana, which all Buddhists hope to achieve either in this life or in another incarnation. Because reaching nirvana requires renouncing all worldly things and detaching oneself from material concerns, monks and nuns are required to beg instead of working, cannot marry or have a family and cannot participate in politics. They are therefore dependent on their community, who supports them in their quest for enlightenment. Monasteries have long had an interdependent relationship with their communities. They look to the community for food and money, and the monasteries open their doors to laypeople who need spiritual guidance. In fact, this interaction is an important part of Buddhist tradition. In return for the community¡¯s support, the monks and nuns provide an ethical model for other Buddhists to live by, and give laypeople a spiritual goal to aspire to. |
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