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Cirrhosis is a medical term describing the formation of scar tissue on the liver (a process called fibrosis), a condition caused by one or more of many factors, including genetic predisposition and chronic alcohol abuse, as well as hepatitis types B, C, and D, all of which have the potential to cause damage to the liver.
The problem arises when the fibrous scar tissue prevents bloodflow through the liver, hindering the ability of the remaining tissue to continue to metabolize toxins, drugs and other chemicals in the blood. Alcohol is a notable example, as its abuse is a common cause of liver damage. When alcohol is introduced to the bloodstream of an individual with advanced cirrhosis, the level at which that alcohol metabolizes, or is converted to its basic, non-reactive molecules, is significantly decreased, causing a lag in the normal process of alcohol breakdown that can lead to higher levels of intoxication (and, thus, a greater risk of liver damage). This can be considerably more serious when dealing with less benign (relatively) chemicals, including many medications.
Another risk with more severe cirrhosis is a condition called portal hypertension, in which blood flow blocked by the fibroid liver tissue becomes backed up in the veins that drive blood from the intestines to the liver in the normal progress of digestion. This can produce a potentially severe enlargement of these veins and others leading to them, which can in turn produce any number of life-threatening complications.
While the main cause of cirrhosis is, as has been stated, the chronic and excessive use of alcohol, viral causes, genetic causes, and unknown (or "cryptogenic") causes exist as well. One condition, called nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is currently under study as a potential cause for many previously cryptogenic cases of cirrhosis. It involves excessive fat storage in the liver, and may be the result of genetic or environmental conditions. Some autoimmune conditions can produce what is called autoimmune heptatitis, which is the result of the body's immune system attacking its own cells, specifically those of the liver, thereby producing scar tissue. Inherited diseases that may cause cirrhosis of the liver include Wilson's disease, hemochromatosis, and cystic fibrosis.
Notable symptoms of cirrhosis include:
* Jaundice: the presence of a yellow tint in the skin, indicative of the buildup of a pigment called bilirubin. This does not dissipate quickly enough as it is broken down by the liver, under normal circumstances.
* Edema: a buildup of fluid in the abdomen and legs.
* Weight loss and muscle atrophy.
* Propensity to infection.
* Abdominal pain.
Mental side-effects may result from severe cirrhosis, as well, including confusion and even dementia. This is a result of a excess toxins that buildup in the blood, unmetabolized by the liver. Definite diagnosis for cirrhosis usually is performed by observation of biopsied tissue.
Treatment is generally restricted to prevention and limitation of the extent of the damage. A liver transplant may be required, if damage is severe, but is not a viable medical option for all patients, even given an available liver. |
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