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Asset allocation is the process of assigning your portfolio to the many asset classes available. Many types of investments exist, including stocks, bonds, cash, commodities, and real estate. For most investors, though, asset allocation fundamentally involves decisions about how much to invest in stocks, bonds, and in cash or cash equivalents.
Different asset classes have different risks and potential rewards associated with them. The objective of asset allocation is to acquire a mix of assets with a risk versus return profile that you are comfortable with. Risk is defined as the likelihood of short-term fluctuations in value. Stocks, being quite volatile, offer the largest potential return over time, but also involve substantial risk. Bonds are less risky and have a correspondingly lower return, but still have risk arising from the potential for changes in the rate of inflation, interest rates, and the issuer¡¯s financial health. Cash is safest in that its nominal value does not fluctuate, but inflation can erode its purchasing power over time.
In order to determine what asset allocation is appropriate for you, you must consider return, risk, cost, and time. Return is based on your long-term financial objectives and how much you have available to invest. The less you need ultimately and the more you have to invest now, the less return you will require in order to reach you goal. Conversely, if your current assets are more limited and your objective is large, then you will need a higher rate of return to achieve it. Unfortunately, higher rates of return are generally only obtained by investing in riskier assets. Determining how much you can afford to lose and balancing this against your long-term financial goal is fundamental to the asset allocation process.
After determining how much risk you are willing to incur, another important consideration is how much time you have to accomplish your goal. The longer you have to invest, the less risky investing becomes if you have a diversified portfolio. The variability of stock returns drastically decreases over as little as 10 years, and is reduced by more than half again over 25 years. Therefore, for a goal that is far in the future, it may make sense to take on a higher level of risk.
The tendency of stocks to produce long term returns that are higher than bonds make them preferable for long term investing. Bonds are most suitable as a source of income and to dampen the volatility of a stock portfolio, not as a long-term investment vehicle. The extremely low returns of cash make it completely unsuitable for investing. However, it is critically important to have adequate cash for emergencies so that long-term investments do not have to be sold unexpectedly when the stock market might be down.
Cost is the last consideration of asset allocation, but is not any less important. Costs detract from returns, which either results in less growth in your investment or requires you to take on more risk to achieve the desired return. Costs are incurred through commissions, taxes, fees from financial advisors, and mutual fund management fees. Careful evaluation of the costs and benefits of strategies for acquiring and disposing of assets is important to maximize your return at a given level of risk.
The process of dividing your investments among the many available asset classes is the essence of asset allocation. Understanding your investment time horizon, your financial goals, the amount you have available to invest, and the risks and rewards associated with each potential investment is essential to arriving at an asset allocation you are comfortable with. |
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