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Windows play a large role in determining the energy-efficiency of a house, even if the house is otherwise well insulated. Choosing the wrong window can result in excessive heat loss or gain, as well as increased lighting costs. Since a house can lose as much as 30% of its heat or cold through a window, picking the right window can save a homeowner hundreds of dollars over the life of the window.
The energy efficiency of a window is expressed as its R-value or its U-Value. The R-value expresses the window's resistance to heat flow. The R-value of a window ranges from .9 to 3.0. R-values are affected by the type of glazing, number of panes of glass, the air space between the panes of glass, the heat conducting properties of the framing and spacing material, and the quality of the installation. A window with a high R-value is more energy efficient than one with a low value. The U-value measures a window's heat flow. U-values range from 1.1 to 3.0. The lower the U-value, the less heat the window will lose. The U-value is the reciprocal of the R-value for a window. If a window manufacturer only gives either an R-value or a U-value for a window, the other value can be calculated by using the formula U-value = 1/R-value.
The first thing to consider in choosing a window is glazing. Although standard glass is the most common material, in recent years special kinds of coatings have been developed for glass that increases its energy efficiency. Reflective coatings that will reduce the heat gain in the summer. Heat absorbent coatings will allow the window to retain as much as 45% of solar energy, which reduces heat gain in the house. Both reflective and heat absorbent coatings will reduce the amount of sunlight available all year. Low-emissivity glass has a coating that reflects 40 to 70% of the heat from sunlight while allowing all the light to pass through the glass. Some windows are glazed with plastic, but these are not recommended as they are less durable and are more vulnerable to weather extremes.
Windows come in single, double, and triple pane types. Single pane windows were the most common type used until the last couple of decades. Single pane windows have an R-value of 1, so they offer very little insulation against heat or cold. Double pane windows have two panes of glass with a spacer between them. Triple pane windows have three panes of glass with spacers between each pane. The air or gas trapped between the panes offers insulation against extremes of temperature. If the space between the panes is too wide or too narrow, the R-value of the window will be less. The optimum space is one-half to five-eighths inch wide. Windows that have an inert gas, such as argon, between their panes will be more energy efficient than those with air between their panes.
A metal framing material such as aluminum will conduct more heat than wood or vinyl. Wood has a high R-value and is strong and durable. However, wood requires careful maintenance so that it does not warp. Vinyl framing has a medium to high R-value and is moderately priced. But it is not as strong as wood or aluminum. Most spacing materials are metal. PVC foam spacers are used in one type of window in conjunction with metal spacers, reducing the window's heat conductivity.
No matter how high the R-value of a window, air leaks from an improper installation can negate any gains in energy efficiency. A new window must be fitted very carefully into its opening. Caulking around the window will ensure that leaks are kept to a minimum.
The climate of the area in which the house is built will determine much of the criteria for selecting the window. Where winters are freezing, triple-paned windows will quickly repay the homeowner's investment. Double-paned windows work well for areas with more moderate temperatures. A window coating which reflects sunshine might be desirable for a homeowner in an area with intense sun, such as Florida, while in Minnesota the homeowner would want a window coating that allows the maximum amount of sunlight to come through the window while retaining the maximum amount of heat in the house. Pick a window with a frame of wood or vinyl instead of metal. In an area of higher humidity, choosing a vinyl widow frame over one of wood insures energy efficiency while minimizing maintenance. Never choose a single-paned window, as its energy efficiency is low, even if used with a storm window. The payback time for the energy efficient window will be 2 to 10 years, so pick a window which will give you the maximum energy efficiency for the dollars spent.
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