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Buying stock on ¡°margin¡± is borrowing money from your stockbroker to buy more shares of stock than you could if you used only your own money.
Brokers like investors who buy stocks on ¡°margin¡±, because it is a profit center for brokers. The broker¡¯s money is a loan and, like any other loan, the borrower (you) will pay interest to use your broker¡¯s money. Margin interest rates are pretty standard among brokers. E-Trade, for example, currently uses a sliding scale of between 6 and 9 percent. The higher your debit balance with E-Trade, the lower your interest rate.
Not all stocks are ¡°marginable¡± stocks. Most brokers do not allow margin purchases on stocks that trade below $5 per share. Likewise, not all margin purchases are an even 50-50 split between yours and your broker¡¯s money. There may be stocks for which your broker will only loan you 25%, and you must put up the rest.
Let¡¯s say you have $2000 in your account and you want to buy a stock selling for $5 a share. With your $2000, you can buy 400 shares (these examples ignore commissions and interest).
But if your broker has authorized your account for margin trading, and this is a stock on which he will loan you half of the total purchase amount, you can buy 800 shares.
Why would you want to do that? Well, if you feel the stock price is going up soon, you can increase your profit potential.
If the stock price increases to $6 per share, you can sell the 800 shares and rack up an $800 profit, which is double the $400 you would have made if you¡¯d used only your own money.
To look at it another way, your $400 profit on your $2000 investment is a 20% profit. But using the broker¡¯s money increases your profit to 40%, minus, of course, commissions and interest.
Your broker is happy too, because he made money on two commissions (your purchase and sale), plus the interest he charged you for loaning you $2000. There is no ¡°grace period¡±. When you buy stocks on margin, you begin paying interest that day, and you pay through the day you sell the shares.
There is another side to this scenario - the down side. Let¡¯s say you buy the 800 shares at $5 and, two weeks later, the price has fallen to $2 per share. Not only are you out $1200 of your initial $2000, but you also owe your broker $2000. But your shares are now worth only $1600 total!
What now? Well, your broker will mail you a letter telling you specifically how much money you need to add to your account to meet your account¡¯s funding requirements, and when the money must be there. This letter is known as a ¡°margin call.¡±
You must meet the margin call by the date specified in the letter or your broker may liquidate your holdings without a specific sell order from you. If this happens, you will still owe the broker the difference between what you originally borrowed and what he was able to recover by liquidating your holdings.
Your broker is still happy. He will charge you a commission to liquidate your position to recover his money. And, remember, his interest is also factored in. Your broker makes money no matter what happens to you.
Self-directed investing requires effort and diligence on your part. If you are going to do this type of trading, you must do some research before taking your initial position, and then you must monitor your position closely to make sure you don¡¯t end up in a hole. If you were diligent in keeping track of your position, and you noticed the price of the shares was falling, you would have liquidated your position in the above scenario at or about $4.50 per share.
Doing that would have resulted in a loss to you of $400, but you would have avoided the margin call. Experienced investors will caution you not to hang on to a position that has gone against you by between 5 and 10 percent. |
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