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Whether you¡¯re an industrious do-it-yourselfer installing your first sprinkler system, or a penny-wise homeowner looking to hire out the job, it¡¯s important for you to learn some fundamentals of sprinkler head layout. The layout is perhaps the most important aspect of design, as it is ultimately what makes your system a money-saver, if it¡¯s done properly, or a money-loser, if it¡¯s done poorly. A properly laid-out system insures that your lawn will be watered efficiently, while a poorly designed system will require more water. This article gives you the information you need to understand the right way to do the job. Soon, you¡¯ll have the knowledge to lay out a system with confidence, or make informed decisions when shopping around. To begin, we¡¯ll discuss some concepts you¡¯ll need to think and speak like a professional installer. Then, we¡¯ll put those concepts into action and discuss the layout itself.
Head-to-Head Coverage:
Head-to-head coverage should be the utmost goal when laying out your sprinklers. Also known as ¡°100%¡± or ¡°full¡± coverage, head-to-head coverage means that every head reaches at least two other heads, and that they in turn reach back. This means that if a stationary head sprays a ten-foot pattern, other spray heads should be placed ten feet away. Such a layout insures that the lawn is watered uniformly. By contrast, coverage less than head-to-head (meaning the sprinklers are too far apart) will result in some lawn areas being sufficiently watered while other areas are under-watered.
Knowing how far apart your heads should be placed requires first learning what types of sprinklers are available and how far they spray. For most residential lawns, there are three types of sprinklers to consider. First, there are stationary spray heads, which work well for tight areas (from 4' to 18'). Second, there are long-range rotors, which work well for open areas (25' to35'). And third, there are mid-range rotors, which fit in-between areas(18' to 25'). The distance a sprinkler head will shoot is determined in part by how much water is used (because, for example, rotors are fitted with nozzles calibrated at gallon-per-minute increments) and by how much water pressure is available (because some heads may not work properly if the pressure is too low). It is important that you become familiar with the flow and water pressure specifications for each head type before you begin your layout. This information can be found by searching the Internet (most manufacturers have this information on their web sites) or by visiting an irrigation professional at a plumbing supply store.
Precipitation Rate:
Precipitation rate refers to the amount of water that reaches a given lawn area every minute, measured in gallons (g.p.m.) or liters (l.p.m.) per area covered squared. As with head-to-head coverage, achieving uniform precipitation rates within a sprinkler zone is an important goal. Suppose you have two rotors, one spraying a full-circle and the other a half-circle, each with the same flow (say 2 g.p.m.). For each area to have the same precipitation rate, the full-circle head must either run twice as long or be given a nozzle with twice the flow (4 g.p.m.), because the full-circle head covers twice the ground in the same amount of time. Likewise, if one head covers an area that is twice as small as that of another identical head, the head covering the smaller area will have twice the precipitation rate of the head covering the larger area. In this case, reducing the flow of the smaller area¡¯s head by half will even out the precipitation rate.
Another thing to realize is that, with respect to most manufacturers, spray heads generally have a higher precipitation rate than rotors do, so they should not be run on the same zone. This difference arises from the fact that stationary spray heads constantly water their coverage area, while rotors, which rotate (hence the term ¡°rotor¡±), get water to part of their area for a while then gradually turn to water another part. To compensate for this difference, some manufacturers have introduced matched-precipitation-rate (MPR) nozzles for stationary spray heads, which are meant to mimic the precipitation rate of rotor nozzles. This new technology is a great solution for dealing with tight areas in a lawn that is otherwise covered by rotors.
Flow:
Defined as volume per unit time, flow is typically referred to as gallons-per-minute (g.p.m.). This value reflects how much water is used by a given sprinkler head or zone. Perhaps the most common misconception for new installers is to think that unlimited flow is available to them -- that they can water an entire lawn all at once. Unless the entire lawn consists of nothing more than a boulevard strip, this probably isn¡¯t so, because municipal water systems allocate a specific amount of flow to each household. This logic also applies to water-well systems because well pumps are designed to push a limited amount of water. With that in mind, it¡¯s important to know how much flow is available prior to installation.
The most accurate way to measure source flow is with a flow meter attached to a spigot near the source (e.g., a water meter or wellhead). If you don¡¯t own a flow meter and you don¡¯t want to buy one, consider having a plumber or lawn irrigation professional check your flow for you. Most will likely do so for a small charge, or perhaps for free if they think they might be doing the installation. If you can¡¯t find someone to check your flow for you, the ¡°five-gallon bucket method¡± works well too. To measure flow this way, use a stopwatch to determine how long it takes to fill a five-gallon bucket. Then divide 60 (the number of seconds in a minute) by the fill time and multiply by 5 (the number of gallons in the bucket). For example, if the bucket takes 20 seconds to fill, then you have 15 g.p.m. (60 ¡Â 20 = 3; 3 * 5 = 15). To avoid the possibility of overdrawing your source flow, it is good practice to design each zone for 75% of the available flow. That is to say, for a source flow of 16 g.p.m., each zone should run at 12 g.p.m.
Pressure:
Pressure is defined as force-per-unit area, typically measured in pounds-per-square inch (psi). Another way to think of pressure is that it¡¯s the amount of ¡°push¡± the water has. The higher the pressure, the harder the water pushes. Your available water pressure can affect your layout because some heads have a minimum pressure requirement, below which they may not seal or operate properly. If you find that your pressure is too low for the particular head you plan to use, then you¡¯ll know to look for a different head. You can purchase a pressure gauge for a few dollars and check your pressure yourself, or you can have a plumber or irrigation professional check it for a small fee.
The Layout:
Now that you¡¯ve learned some of the concepts crucial to sprinkler head layout, you¡¯re ready to grab some flags (available at a hardware store or plumbing parts supplier) and get to work. If you anticipate using more than one type of head, grab a different color for each; for example, yellow for stationary spray heads, blue for mid-range rotors, and green for long-range rotors. It¡¯s also a good idea to have a permanent marker handy so you can write down on each flag what nozzle size you intend to use (e.g., 12' half-circle, 0.7 G.P.M.) and which heads belong on the same zone (Zone 1, Zone 2, etc.).
When deciding which heads to use in certain areas, first examine the lawn and look for distinct patches where the lawn¡¯s width is consistent. Sometimes it helps to look at the lawn as an assortment of rectangles. If, for instance, you have an area that measures ten feet wide by sixty feet long, this is a good place for stationary spray heads. If the area is twenty feet wide, consider mid-range rotors. And if the area is thirty feet wide, or can be divided by a number close to thirty feet, look to long-range rotors.
Another way to look at a lawn is with respect to the different areas to be watered, such as lawn areas, bed areas, areas with native grass or wild flowers, and gardens. Each of these areas has its own water requirement and should be watered separately. That way, the time that each area is watered can be adjusted from a controller, ensuring that each gets exactly the water it needs. Also, for most lawn applications four- or six-inch sprinklers are sufficient. Beds or gardens, however, may require taller heads (perhaps measuring ten or twelve inches) to get the water above tall perennials and garden plants so that it rains down on them.
Once you have decided on what heads to use, begin your layout by placing a flag in a corner of the lawn. Then, using what you know about head-to-head coverage, pace off the distance your sprinkler head shoots and place another flag. While placing your flags, keep track of how many gallons are being accounted for, either on paper or in your head. As your flow approaches 75% of the maximum flow value, consider laying out another zone, which should begin one sprinkler¡¯s reach away. If you come to the end of an area but you have plenty of flow available for more sprinklers, move your layout into the yard and keep going. Remember also to use what you have learned about precipitation rates: nozzles in heads covering a full circle need twice as much flow as those covering a half-circle to be equivalent.
If you find that one zone has far more flow than another, it is best to restructure your layout so that they are more equal. Otherwise, severe water-hammer and other problems may come from the water¡¯s effort to push itself through the low-flow zone. Furthermore, you might sometimes find that some of your lawn¡¯s dimensions don¡¯t quite fit the distances your heads will shoot (as with a ten-foot by thirty-four-foot area, where a ten-foot coverage distance doesn¡¯t divide well into thirty-four). In such a situation, it¡¯s better to add another head than to space them too far apart.
Before laying out sprinklers for beds and garden areas, you first need to answer some questions that will determine which watering scheme works best. For example, are the plants to be watered close together or far apart? Do they need a lot of water or a little? When the plants are spaced far apart, conventional spray heads may waste water by getting too much to areas that don¡¯t need it. In this case, consider a drip system with emitters or bubblers placed at the base of each plant, a precise method of watering with little waste. These items are calibrated to match a variety of flow requirements; for example, 1 or 2 g.p.h.(gallons per hour) for emitters or 1 or 2 g.p.m. for bubblers. Such calibration makes it possible to meet the various precipitation needs of several plants within a single zone, even though the operating time is constant.
When vegetation in beds and gardens is dense, taller sprinkler heads may work better. For instance, for a bed of perennials you might decide a 12-inch stationary head is needed to get adequate coverage. And, as with lawn areas, use stationary heads where dimensions are tight or a high precipitation rate is needed, and use rotors for open areas or where a low precipitation rate is needed.
That pretty much wraps things up. With the information you¡¯ve just learned, you should have the knowledge needed to create an efficient layout for your new system. |
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