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Drip irrigation is arguably the most versatile, most precise, and most economical watering method available. It¡¯s versatile enough to water a wide range from landscapes, from tight, hard-to-reach areas that sprinklers can¡¯t cover, too large, heavily vegetated areas were digging isn¡¯t an option. Plus, it offers the luxury of manipulating precipitation rates within a zone so a wide array of watering needs can be met simultaneously. Drip irrigation is unrivaled for its precise water placement. With it, water can be place directly above the root ball, and calibrated emitters get each plant exactly the amount of water it requires. Drip irrigation is also cost effective. There¡¯s no question that for the same money you can cover more ground with a drip system than with convention stationary heads or rotors.
This article shows you how to get the most out of your drip irrigation system. By the end you should know how to create an intelligent design and how to assemble your system quickly and effectively.
To begin, if this is your home¡¯s first sprinkler system, you¡¯ll need to connect to your home¡¯s water line. You can do this one of two ways. You either can ¡°tap into¡± the water supply directly (a connection that requires the installation of a back-flow prevention device). Or you can attach the drip line to an anti-siphon spigot on the outside of your house. Furthermore, if this is your first sprinkler system, it¡¯s a good idea to automate it. Doing so will save you money in the long run, and it will be a selling point for your home should you ever move. Again, there are a couple of ways to do this. You can either install a controller and solenoid valves (with a run of wire between the two). Or you can install a self-timing valve, which is powered by a battery.
Once you¡¯ve connected to the water source and have decided how you¡¯ll be controlling your valves, you next need to measure how many gallons per hour (gph) are available to you. You can measure the available flow with a flow meter (which will give you gallons per minute). Or you can count how many seconds it takes to fill a five-gallon bucket then calculate how many gallons you¡¯ll get in an hour. With this value at hand, you can later check that the amount of flow through your emitters doesn¡¯t exceed what¡¯s available. As a general rule, you should design each zone to run off 80% of the available flow. This means that if you have 960 gph available source flow, you should allow only 720 gph for each zone. This 20% buffer leaves enough water available for daily life, such as flushing the toilet or doing the dishes. In the unlikely event that your emitters exceed your available flow (you can run a whopping 360 2-g.p.h. emitters with a source flow of 12 g.p.m.), you¡¯ll need to split your drip system up into smaller zones.
Next you should determine how much water each plant will need. These requirements can vary widely, depending on plant size, soil make-up, and regional climate, so it¡¯s best to consult a horticulturist at your local nursery for these numbers. A plant expert can tell you what size emitter is needed for each plant (calibrated in gallons per hour) and what amount of time will yield adequate precipitation. For each plant type, write down many of each emitter size you need.
After you know each plant¡¯s watering needs, you¡¯ll need to create an inventory of what areas are going to be watered, such as flower beds, gardens or vines, etc. As with individual plants, each of these areas has its own unique water requirements, so it¡¯s best to make each a separate zone. If you find that your drip line is covering a tremendous distance (say 300 ft. with high vegetation), or if there is a large obstacle preventing you from covering everything on one zone, you should divide the system up into zones of roughly equal flow.
When you know where your zones will be, look at the yard as a whole and determine the best route for running the pipe. The key here is that, because digging is hard work, and you¡¯re likely to make a bit of a mess while you¡¯re doing it, you want to minimize the labor involved. Look for the easiest path for getting pipe throughout the yard, generally the shortest, straightest route. It¡¯s advisable that you not place drip line directly underground in lawn areas, because it generally has a thin wall and will kink easily. Instead, you should use a more rigid pipe for these areas, such as poly pipe or PVC. Furthermore, you can reduce pressure loss within the system by getting this more rigid pipe in a size or two larger than the drip line (e.g., 1" poly and ?" drip line). A good method for estimating your length of pipe is to create a table for each pipe size used in each zone, then pace out each distance ( a good step is about three feet). Write down the totals for each zone individually, then add up the per-zone totals when you¡¯re done.
Now, before going to the parts store, determine what other parts you¡¯ll need. You¡¯ll need couplers (reducing couplers when changing pipe size), elbows, tees, plugs (or caps). When fitting together drip line, insert fittings are preferable to compression fittings, because they are held securely in place with clamps and therefore less likely to blow apart. You¡¯ll need four clamps for every insert fitting you use and, depending on what style clamp you choose (ring clamp or hose clamp), you¡¯ll need the proper tool (crimpers or a screwdriver). For PVC, you¡¯ll need glue and primer. You¡¯ll need a valve box for protecting any valves you install, and weed-mat stakes for holding your drip line in place and, if extreme water pressure is a concern, you¡¯ll need a pressure regulator and any needed attachments.
If you are using Rainbird? emitters, the best tool for inserting them into the drip line is called a Xeri-man . You¡¯ll also need some spaghetti tube for getting the water from the emitter to the base of the plant. For installing your valves, you¡¯ll need a handful of parts as well. Every valve set to be designed will be different depending on your needs, so consult your plumbing professional for the best design for you.
Always begin with a plumbing supply store when looking for your parts. A good supply store will have knowledgeable, professional staff, and they will most likely have the best prices in town. And, because moving water is a large part of their business, they¡¯re the best bet for having what you need in stock.
Once you have your parts, you¡¯re ready to start the installation. Begin by laying out your drip line. If you¡¯re working in existing beds that are filled with rock or mulch, the best place for the drip line is around the perimeter, right next to the edging material. Use a shovel to scoop away a channel along the edging, placing the material inside the bed as you go. If you have a layer of weed-mat underneath, be sure to place you drip line on top of it so it will be easy to find later. As you lay out the pipe, place a handful of material every foot or so to hold it down. If the material is lightweight, as with bark or mulch, you¡¯ll need to pin it down with weed-mat stakes. As you backfill the bedding material, leave yourself some openings so that you can place emitters into the pipe and run spaghetti tube to each plant.
If you¡¯re fortunate enough to be placing the drip line before the bedding material is in, your job is a little easier. You¡¯ll want to place the drip line on top of any weed-mat, so make sure that the mat is first in place. Then lay out your drip line in a loop-like fashion, getting the apexes of your loops as close to the base of each plant as possible. Then, at each apex, pin the pipe down with a weed-mat stake so that it won¡¯t move around during the rest of the installation or when the bedding material is brought in.
The next step is to insert the emitters into the pipe, using your Xeri-man or other device. If you¡¯ve never done this before, take a moment to look at the emitter. You¡¯ll notice that there is a sharp end and a blunt end. The sharp end is what pokes into the drip line. If you try to put an emitter in backwards, you might not break through the pipe wall enough for water to pass through. Using the information you¡¯ve gathered for your plants¡¯ watering needs, insert the proper emitters for each. Once the emitters are in place, use a sharp pair of scissors (garden shears will work as well) to cut a length of spaghetti tube to run from the base of each plant to its respective emitter. The spaghetti tube should be long enough to form slight loop within the stems of the plant. If it is too long, it will be difficult to bury and will be easily seen; too short, and the water might not get where it needs to go. Attach the spaghetti tube to the emitter by holding it tightly between your thumb and forefinger about ?" away from the end, then push the tube onto the emitter with moderate pressure while moving your hand from side to side.
If you make a mistake while placing emitters or spaghetti tube, don¡¯t worry. An unnecessary emitter can be replaced with a ¡°goof plug,¡± a sealed emitter that won¡¯t let water through. And a short piece of spaghetti tube can be lengthened with a coupler and another piece of tubing.
Once your drip line, emitters and spaghetti tube are in the beds, you can focus on getting water to each zone. This is where you will be using the poly pipe or PVC. Most likely, you will need to do some trenching for this part of the installation. Try to do a neat job here by placing the sod and dirt you remove on opposite sides of the trench. You an also keep things clean by making straight, clean cuts with your shovel, as opposed to making oblong or round cuts that will take some thought to replace. Make your trenches deep enough so that, at the very least, the pipes don¡¯t stick out of it while you¡¯re backfilling. If you intend to aerate over these areas, your pipe will need to be a good five inches below ground level. Any wire needed for operating your valves should be placed in your trenches now as well. Always place your wire in the bottom of your trench, where it has the best protection.
Remember: before you do any digging, always call your local power company or One-Call and request that your utilities be located. It is quite common for a TV or phone cable to be no more than an inch or two below the sod, and repairing a severed can be costly. Furthermore, you risk severe injury by accidentally cutting a power or natural gas line. And, if you slice through a utility that you failed to have located, you will be stuck with the full cost of the repair, and the power company will be less than sympathetic when they charge you for it.
When you have run your poly pipe or PVC, attach these pipes to your drip line, then connect the other ends to your valve set. If you need to thread together any connections during this step, apply a few wraps of Teflon tape to each male connection. Don¡¯t use pipe dope. Over time, pipe dope will corrode the threads and eventually the entire valve set will have to be replaced. Dig the hole for your valve set so that they sit roughly a foot below ground level. At this depth one can work on the valves with comfort, should a repair become necessary, and a valve box can be easily installed.
The goal when installing a valve box is that in the end the top should be flush with the surrounding sod or bedding material. If there are pipes or wires present that prevent you from doing this, you¡¯ll need to modify the box by cutting notches out of it, using a hacksaw or reciprocating saw.
That about covers things. Once your drip system is in place, you can start watering right away. The best time to water is early in the morning or late at night, when direct sunlight is at minimum and the wind is low. Throughout the growing season, you may notice that some areas need more or less water than others. Pay attention to these observations and adjust your system accordingly. Remember, once you have your drip system in place, you¡¯re in complete control. |
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