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It seems every day the news is filled with stories about the troubled state of the American health care system, and anybody who has tried to shop for health insurance or afford the premiums and deductibles would probably agree. Self-employed individuals and those who work for other small employers are often in the worst shape when it comes to health care costs. For these people, an Archer MSA might be a good solution.
An Archer Medical Savings Account (or MSA) is tax-exempt account designed with the self-employed or small-business employee (a business with less than 50 employees) in mind. In fact, you can only qualify to open an Archer MSA if you fulfill those criteria. In addition, you must already have health coverage in the form of a high-deductible health plan, known as an HDHP. You may not have any other health coverage or Medicare. An HDHP is a health plan with a higher-than-average deductible, something that many self-employed workers already have because of the lower cost. The minimum deductible is different depending on whether your HDHP covers only you or your family. For 2004 the guidelines are, for self-only, the deductible range must fall between $1,700 and $2,600, and if you cover your family, between $3,450 and $5,150. If this is the case, you or your small-business employer may open an Archer MSA for you.
There are a number of advantages to an Archer MSA. First, you get to deduct any contributions you made to the account, much like a traditional IRA. Second, the earnings on the account grow tax-free. Third, distributions from the account are tax-free so long as they go toward qualifying medical expenses. Finally, your MSA stays with you, even if your employer contributed to the account for you and then later you leave to work elsewhere, or if you later become ineligible to contribute to an MSA.
There are some restrictions regarding the handling of Archer MSA¡¯s. While either you or your employer can contribute to your MSA, both of you can¡¯t in the same year. Furthermore, contributions are limited by two things: how high the deductible is in your HDHP, and how much money you earn. You can contribute up to 75% of your HDHP deductible. For example, if your deductible is $2,000, then you can contribute up to $1,500 to your Archer account for that year. The contribution limit is further restricted by your income: if you are self-employed, you cannot contribute more than your net income for the year (income minus expenses); if you are an employee, the contribution can be no more than the amount of money you earned from the employer through which you have the account. For example, if you only made $1,150 from your employer, that is the limit you can contribute (assuming it is also less than 75% of your HDHP deductible).
If you made contributions during a tax year, you need to report this on IRS Form 8853. Like other tax-deductible contributions, you have until April 15 of the following year to contribute for the previous tax year. But be careful here, if you accidentally contribute too much money to your MSA, you are liable to be hit with a 6% penalty, plus taxes on the contribution as income.
Distributions from an MSA must go toward qualified medical expenses. These are defined by the IRS as the same that would apply toward the medical expense deduction if you itemize ¨C things like doctors¡¯ bills, medication, hospital services, even artificial teeth. They do not include things like nutritional supplements, cosmetic surgery, or gym memberships. See IRS Publication 502 for more information about what would qualify as a medical expense. Any medical expense that comes out of your pocket ¨C either because you have not paid the deductible yet or because the insurance doesn¡¯t cover it for one reason or another ¨C can be paid for out of your Archer MSA. The money distributed to you will be tax-free, unless you use it for something that doesn¡¯t qualify, in which case it will be taxed as income. Should you receive a distribution from your MSA, you need to report this on Form 8853, though, again, you will not be taxed. Just make sure that you keep accurate records of what you spent the money on should the IRS come knocking.
Archer MSA¡¯s provide the self-employed and employees of small businesses with an opportunity to take control of their health care by putting money aside each year. It is a valuable asset for anybody who finds themselves struggling to afford the high cost of health insurance. |
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