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Solar panels are the component of a solar energy system that actually gathers the energy from the sun. The panels are made up of photovoltaic cells that transform the sun's energy to direct current energy that can be used for heating or to power appliances. The energy is then transmitted directly to an appliance or other device, or is stored in a battery bank for future use. Panels usually measure approximately 1.5 feet by 3 feet, and will deliver about 75 watts of electricity if located in full sun.
Typically the panels are mounted on the roof of a building. However, they can be mounted on a stand-alone rack if necessary. The most important consideration is how much sun the panel will get in the location you choose. Solar panels lose efficiency quickly in even a partially shaded location, so pick a location that gets full sun for as long as possible each day. The panels should be oriented to the south if at all possible. The second best choice is to face the panels to the west or east, but you will have to use more panels in order to get the same amount of energy. Never face the panels to the north.
Be sure to get any necessary building permits before installing the panels. Check with your local building or zoning department to find out what the requirements are in your community. If you do not get the permits before the installation or do not complete the installation according to local building codes, you may be forced to tear out all your hard work and begin again.
The panels should be tilted to receive the maximum amount of sun. The degree of tilt depends on the latitude at which they are installed. Panels installed at 0 to 15 degrees latitude should have a 15-degree tilt. Panels installed at 15 to 25 degrees latitude should have a tilt that is the same as the latitude. For each additional five degrees of latitude up to 40 degrees, add an extra 5 degrees of tilt to the latitude. At latitudes of 40 degrees and above, add 20 degrees of tilt to the latitude.
Mounts should be placed about 48 inches apart and should be located directly on top of a rafter, if at all possible. If a rafter is not available at the mount site, the mount can be attached to a block of wood placed on the underside of the roof. Do not attach the mount directly to the plywood sheathing of the roof. Find rafters with a stud finder. Keep the mounts in a straight line, using a laser sight or a chalk line.
Drill a hole with a pilot bit to insure that that you do not split the rafter. Then secure the base of the mounts to the roof, using stainless steel lag bolts. Thread the post of the mount into its base. Be sure to place roof flashing over each mount to prevent leaks in the roof. Next fasten metal rails to the mounts with stainless steel bolts. Complete the racking system by connecting aluminum solar racks to the metal rails.
Make sure that the completed rack system will allow the solar panels to be at least three to six inches off the roof. The panels will operate more efficiently if there is adequate airflow under and around them.
Solar panels may be preassembled in groups. This makes the installation easier and quicker, as there are less individual units to deal with up on the roof. Secure the solar panels to the racking system with the restraining hardware supplied with the panels. Each manufacturer has their own hardware, specifically designed for their own panels. Test the panels to make sure that they are anchored securely. Make sure that the both the solar panel and the racking systems are properly grounded in accordance with the local electrical codes.
Interconnect the solar panels by opening the junction box on the back of each panel and attaching the wires to the appropriate positive and negative terminal screws in the box, removing one-half inch of insulation from the ends of the wires first. The wire will run between panels through the knockouts in each box. Run the wire from the final panel to a separate array junction box. The wire is then run through electrical conduit to the next electrical component of the system, such as the charge controller. Close all junction boxes. Your solar panel array should give you many years of satisfying service.
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