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Chinese martial arts include hundreds of distinct styles and it can be hard to get to grips with the different names and terminology used. Wushu, which is directly translated as ¡°martial arts¡± is the correct term to use when referring to the entire spectrum of styles and schools. Kung Fu, on the other hand, actually means ¡°learned skill.¡± Kung Fu and wushu are often used interchangeably in the U.S. This guide takes you through the basics of wushu including a brief history and an introduction to the most popular styles.
History of Chinese Martial Arts
Martial arts have been practiced for thousands of years in China. Evidence shows that martial arts were practiced extensively by Chinese military forces 5,000 years ago. Soldiers trained in unarmed and armed combat and wrestling. The first formally documented Chinese martial art, Shuai Chiao (Chinese wrestling) can be found in records dating back 3,000 years.
About 1,500 years ago, Shaolin monks of the famed Songshan Mountain Temple took Chinese martial arts to another level. Where previously martial arts had been the domain of the northern military, the monks developed their own system. They practiced a form of martial arts incorporating meditation, breathing techniques, set patterns of movement and strength training. Their martial arts system became known as Shaolin Kung Fu.
The Buddhist monk Bodhidharma has been credited with influencing the Shaolin system. He taught the monks a pattern of forms known as the Eighteen Hands of the Lohan. The monks drew on these teachings to develop their own forms based on animal movements. The five animals intrinsic in their teachings were the tiger, snake, leopard, dragon and crane. These martial arts styles are among the best-known around the world.
Spiritual underpinnings
Training in Chinese martial arts involves the mind as much as the body. Chinese martial arts draw on aspects of Taoism, Confucianism and Zen Buddhism. The tapping of chi ¡°energy within¡± is an important goal of a martial arts exponent. Chi is hidden in the lower stomach and experts learn to channel this energy to achieve maximum power. Like chi, Ying and Yang is another idea of Taoism which has influenced Chinese martial arts. The balancing of opposites to achieve harmony can be seen in many martial arts movements.
External Styles
Chinese martial arts are often divided into external and internal styles. External (¡°waijia¡±) styles are those which use powerful strikes, agility and fast moves, focusing on strong arm and leg muscles. External styles are often categorized into northern and southern styles. Many of the external styles have evolved from the Shaolin temple monks. These include most of the animal styles. One well-known external style is the Drunken Monkey (Zuijiu Quan), which martial arts fans may recognize from an old Jackie Chan movie. It is one of the most entertaining styles to watch because the movements seem random and the exponent seems to lose balance. However, it is considered one of the hardest styles to master and one of the most effective.
Northern styles are well known for their high kicks. Northern styles include the Northern Praying Mantis (Tang Lang Quan). The Northern Praying Mantis style focuses on breaking the opponent¡¯s joints rather than striking. There are many variations of this style, for example, the Jade Ring, Eight Steps, Seven Star and Six Harmony. Another popular Northern style is Long Fist Boxing (Chang Quan). This is actually a group of several similar styles, all known for their rapid kicks, strikes and fast paced movements, where fighters can shift from high to low stances in the blink of an eye.
Wing Chun (also called Yong Chun) is the style of fighting made popular by Bruce Lee. This style was named after its founder, Yim Wing Chun, a girl who lived during the Ching Dynasty 300 years ago. It is characterized by short, fast, athletic movements. The basis of Wing Chun is that strategy, timing and flexibility are more important than having to be physically stronger than your opponent.
Internal Styles
Internal (¡°neijia¡±) styles are those which use fluid movements and dodges to avoid attacks. They are influenced greatly by Taoist teachings. Breathing techniques, balance and control are highly important with the internal styles. With internal styles, strength develops most in the torso and legs. The most well known of the internal styles is Tai Chi Chuan which is practiced by millions of people all over the world. The graceful movements of Tai Chi build muscular strength and are popular with old and young alike. Another internal style is Pa Kua Chang. This style is based on the Yi Jing (Book of Changes).
Chinese martial arts competitions
Most wushu competitions focus on the following categories:
1. Forms (empty handed and with weapons)
2. Two-person set routines
3. Sparring (including bare handed, weapons and wrestling)
4. Power demonstrations
Chinese Martial Arts in America
Chinese martial arts are taught worldwide and the U.S. is no exception. There are numerous Chinese martial art schools in the U.S. devoted to one or more styles. Among the most popular styles taught are Wing Chun, Shuai Chiao (wrestling), Tai Chi and the various Shaolin Kung Fu methods. Serious students can even travel to China and study martial arts with Shaolin monks as there are many training facilities in the country that are open to foreigners.
Before you enrol in your local martial arts school, research further the styles that interest you and sit in on a class to get an idea of what is involved. You will find that learning a Chinese martial art is a rewarding experience, as mind and body are trained in unison. |
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