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In this day of radar imaging, computer models and computer plotting, it may seem strange that meteorologists have such trouble forecasting the path for a hurricane. As big and long-lived as hurricanes are, it would seem forecasters could get a better grip on plotting accurate paths. However, hurricanes are unpredictable storms and a forecaster could tear his hair out sometimes, trying to anticipate what the storm will do.
Meteorologists use data collected from Air Force and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association planes, satellite imagery, computer models and radar data to try to forecast a storm¡¯s course and intensity. They also use their past experience in dealing with storms in that location and of that type to make their predictions.
Many factors have a hand in determining a hurricane¡¯s path. The atmospheric conditions around the storm, and even those thousands of miles away can affect when, where and at what strength a hurricane will make landfall.
Computer models take all this data into consideration when plotting a storm path and most forecasters base their predictions on what the computer guidance is telling them. The computer models can compute all the variables of the atmospheric conditions and what effects they are likely to have on the storm, water temperatures, etc., and come up with predictions on what the storm might do.
Hurricane predictions are very accurate for 12-24 hours out. They become less accurate as the time period extends. This is because the atmospheric features or conditions predicted by the computers have not yet come to pass, and so beyond a day or two, any predictions on storm paths are just educated guesses.
The other problem with the computer models is that they can vary in accuracy from run to run. In one run, a particular model will perform very well. In the next run, it may not, and another model that wasn¡¯t accurate may have the path well defined. These discrepancies are frustrating, and this is when a meteorologist¡¯s experience comes into play as he or she chooses a likely scenario based on those presented and releases a forecast.
In the United States, the National Hurricane Center, an arm of the National Weather Service, tracks hurricanes. They release data on active tropical storms several times a day, including tracking information. It is interesting to watch the track of a storm change from day to day, as atmospheric conditions ¡°steer¡± the storm.
Hurricanes also usually move slowly, and this also hinders accurate forecasting. It is difficult to predict where something will be in five days when it is moving at 9 miles per hour. It takes a while to establish a pattern. Large hurricanes go through ¡°eyewall replacement cycles¡± which also affect their path and intensity. They also tend to ¡°wobble¡± frequently, without much forward movement. This further increases the forecasting difficulty.
Sometimes, a forecaster is able to hone in on a storm and track it with good accuracy from birth through landfall. However, the larger and stronger a hurricane is, the more difficult it is to track, because it will tend to move slowly.
Most hurricane warnings cover a ¡°cone¡± of a few hundred miles. This is because forecasters can rarely predict exactly where an eyewall will make landfall. Hurricanes can also turn quickly and unexpectedly. Therefore, forecasters allow a wide margin for error when talking about exactly where a hurricane will make landfall, and when.
The bottom line is that hurricane forecasts are less accurate the farther away they are from the storm. However, the forecasts will usually give coastal residents plenty of time to prepare for a storm, if they are watching the path, as well. |
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