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A famous Italian racer and manufacturer, Campangnolo was once asked why the brakes he developed did not stop the bike as well as his competitors. ¡°Why would you want to stop,¡± was his answer. If you¡¯re a racer, braking is for slowing down. Bicycles on a Velodrome don¡¯t use brakes at all, they slow down the bike by using their legs to counter pedal against the force of the bike.
The rest of us need brakes and brakes that work well. Almost all of today¡¯s bicycles have some type of rim brake that mounts on the bike at the front and rear wheels. A cable running from the brake handles, on the handlebars, pulls and releases the pinchers of the calipers so that both arms of the pinchers hit and release the rim of the bicycle wheel. Another type of brake, commonly called a coaster brake, is used on children¡¯s bikes located inside the bottom bracket, that¡¯s where your pedals are connected to the cranks and go through the frame at its lower end. Those brakes work by pushing back on the pedals and because you need to remove the bottom bracket to work on them, it is best to take this type of bike to a bicycle mechanic who would have the required tools for repair.
Some tandems will have a disc brake on the rear wheel. These brakes work with a small metal plate mounted on the outside of the rear hub and a brake shoe similar to an auto¡¯s brake shoe pressing against the plate. They¡¯re used mainly when the bike requires stopping under heavy weight conditions, as when a tandem bicycle is fully loaded for touring. They still have a cable that runs up to the brake lever on the handlebars, they are not popular with single bicycles because they are heavy and make removing the rear wheel problematic.
There are three things involved in brake repair for bikes with rim brakes. The cable needs to be replaced, the brake pads need replacing or the calipers need adjustment.
If you squeeze the brake lever and nothing happens, you have a broken brake cable. You need to obtain one at a bicycle shop or catalog company; they¡¯re inexpensive and come in very large lengths for fitting on tandems as well as single bikes. Both ends of the brake cable will have a welded metal stop. One end looks like the head of a pin or nail. It has a flat area that will fit inside the brake lever. The other end, which usually has a larger rounded weld, is only to hold the tiny wires of the cable together until used. You will need a pair of needle nose pliers, an Allen ranch and most importantly, good cable cutters to snip the wires clean. Brakes will have a bolt or screw that will need a 5mm Allen or 5mm socket to loosen the bolt holding the cable of the brakes. First, slightly pull the brake handle and look inside the handle¡¯s action. Follow the cable from the lever until you see where the wire cable is exposed. Try pushing the cable from where it¡¯s exposed, so that while the lever is opened, you can see the head of the cable moving.
Once you locate the head inside the brake handle, use the needle nose pliers to grab the head and pull the cable out. If the cable is not broken, but still needs replacement, you need to loosen the bolt that holds the cable in place on the brake calipers before doing this. Now that the cable is out, you can thread the new cable in. You must have a good pair of cable cutters to cut the cable clean so that you don¡¯t have damaged ends on the cable. Snip off the end and thread the cable carefully into the eye where you pulled the cable out. With a little patience, you will begin to feel the cable go through the cable housing. If you cannot easily push the cable in, then stop. Something is blocking its passage and you must locate where the blockage is. Usually it¡¯s where the brake lever and cable housing meet. If you have bar tape covering this area, you must remove the tape and expose the cable housing. Pull back the cable housing so that the eye in the brake handle that connects to the cable housing is exposed and push the cable through, now you can thread the cable into the housing being careful not to kink the cable housing or the cable. Reset the cable housing against the eye of the brake lever.
If you are patient, back off and push in a bit, the cable can usually be threaded through without having to do this. Remember, like thread, you want the cable at the end to stay smooth and tight so that you can thread it all the way to the calipers. Once you have the cable through, thread the cable in the slot of the calipers and pull the cable snug. Now grip the calipers and push them together against the rim, backing off just slightly. Tighten the bolt that holds the cable in place and release. Try pulling the brake lever and see if the brake pads hold tight against the rim without the brake handle being pulled completely back. If your brakes come with an adjustment screw, located where the cable threads through at the bolt, adjust the screw so that as the pads of the brakes wear, you can easily adjust the brakes to compensate. You will probably have to loosen and tighten the bolt holding the cable a few times until the adjustment is correct. You want enough space between the brake pad and the rim to give the wheel free movement from the brake when the brake levers are at ease.
Depending on wear, brake pads will need replacement at some point. Brakes on mountain bikes, because of the grit picked up from dirt will need replacement more often. You need to order the correct brake pad for your brakes. Make sure the brake pads will fit on whatever system you have. Most brake shoes come off with a 5mm Allen wrench. You will see that you can pivot the brake shoe. This is important because you don¡¯t want the brake pad¡¯s complete surface hitting the rim at once. You want to angle the brakes. Choose one side to do first. Fit the new brake shoe in the slot, align the pad to the center of rim of your wheel, tilt the shoe so that either the back or the front of the pad will hit the rim first and then tighten the bolt on the brake shoe. Just a slight tilt is required. Do the opposite to the other side, so that when finished you have one pad hitting first at the front of the pad and the other pad hitting first on the back of the pad. This gives you maximum stoppage without freezing up the wheel. Take your time, and get them correct, your safety is at stake. When finished, try the brakes out on a test drive, being gentle at first, then use more force to insure the brakes are aligned correctly.
Sometimes you will have a squeak coming from the brakes. Take sandpaper and sand the pad a bit. The pads pick up oil or become hard and the sandpaper will give you a fresh surface on the pad.
You notice that the wheel does not turn freely and one of the brake shoes is against the rim without you pulling the brake lever. There are two types of caliper systems. Center pull brakes pull on the calipers at the center. To adjust these, first make sure the arms can move, sometimes just a bit of oil where the arms are connected to the bike is all that is needed to allow the arms to move when the cable is tighten. Check the cable and see if something is hanging it up from releasing. Sometimes they are caught on a part of the bike. You may need to adjust where the cable pulls, that¡¯s where the cable comes down and attaches to a pulley. Make sure the pulley can move freely. If you need to adjust this, simply loosen the bolt and adjust until both sides pull evenly. Center pull brakes usually need just a little oil on the calipers to get them to move smoothly or a wiggle using your hand to break off some grit that might be in the way.
If your brakes have a side pull system, or cantilever brakes, that¡¯s where the cable pulls from one side of the brake. To adjust this type it is quite simple. You will see the brakes are mounted to the bike by a single bolt running through the frame and holding the brake to the bike. The bolt is either loose or needs adjustment. Loosen the bolt and move the calipers until the pads are centered on both sides of the rim equally then tighten the bolt. Squeeze the brake handle and see if they grip the rim equally and release. Re-adjust if necessary. Again, sometimes grit will get in the calipers, so make sure they are cleaned and lightly oiled.
Don¡¯t let your bike sit out in bad weather, keep it clean and well maintained and you should have many years of carefree trouble. Always check your bike before riding. If you see the brake pads are getting thin, replace them. If the cable is fraying or old, replace it. These simple guides will keep you from having problems on a ride or worse, an accident. |
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