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Tips on Model Rocket Design
Building your first model rocket is challenging, educational, and fun. But it¡¯s also dangerous. In the 1950s, when amateur rocketry first became popular, the combination of highly-powerful explosives, young (and older) people with little training, and heavy metal frameworks led to some very nasty accidents including a number of deaths.
Today most model rockets are made of balsa wood and plastic, or similarly lightweight materials, and are generally fueled by pre-mixed propellants in single-use engines that look vaguely like firecrackers. Because of these precautions, model rocketry is much safer than it was, but it¡¯s still a challenging hobby. Below is a list of things you should think about.
1. Do you want to use a kit or build it yourself? Dozens of companies online and offline can sell you a kit to build your own model rocket, and it¡¯s a great way to start out. You¡¯ll have safe materials pre-packaged for you, letting you concentrate on the challenge of putting the rocket together rather than the challenge of figuring out what you can use.
If you do make your own, it¡¯s better to use cardboard, plastic, or balsa wood; metal is stronger, but it¡¯s generally too strong. An explosion confined in a metal tube, rather than a softer material, can be catastrophic rather than frightening; if it¡¯s strong enough to break the tube, it¡¯s strong enough to introduce you to the concept of shrapnel. And a metal rocket, falling after its flight, can cause serious damage to any bystanders, pets, or vehicles in the way.
2. When calculating your plans, consider weight, propellant power, payload (some people send up colored smoke or confetti), your recovery system, fins, and engine/engine mounts. Weight should be kept as low as possible, and everything should be streamlined, solidly anchored (moving parts unbalance your rocket), and designed to work together.
3. The nose of your rocket is sharp and pointy because it¡¯s designed to ¡°split¡± the air ¨C the rest of the rocket follows through the hole the nose makes. Therefore, the sharper, smoother, more gradually tapered, and slick your nose is, the less air resistance the rocket will encounter. If you can get hold of spray Teflon, coat your rocket¡¯s nose with it for the best friction-free surface. The body of your rocket, outside of the fins, should be as perfectly tubular, and align as straight down from the nosecone base as possible.
4. Fins are for stabilizing your rocket. If you can mount them so that they encourage your rocket to spin, this is ideal; a spinning rocket does not tumble. To spin, mount your tail fins at a slight angle to the body of the rocket, and ensure that ALL the fins are mounted at exactly the same angle, parallel to one another. The farther you angle fins, the more extreme the spin will be, but a spin that¡¯s too extreme robs your rocket of forward momentum.
5. Fireproof your rocket if possible. If your rocket is fireproofed, you won¡¯t start any wildfires. A balsa or plastic nosecone is great, since the fire should be at the other end of the rocket (if it¡¯s not, something has gone terribly awry), but try to use fire-repellant material on the body of the rocket if possible. Do NOT use aluminum; it will burn very nicely. Instead, try hardened plastics or light PVC piping.
6. What comes up also comes down; stay back away from your launch site, make sure no people, pets, or farm animals are nearby, and use some sort of descent-slowing mechanism like a parachute, streamer, or anything that provides drag. Your descent-slowing mechanism also ensures you¡¯ll be able to reuse your rocket.
7. Know the rules of the National Association of Rocketry (NAR) and your local FAA and fire code. For rockets weighing over a pound, the FAA has special guidelines that you must comply with lest the Men In Black come to question you about why your rocket was in the Air Force¡¯s flight space. No joke.
Fire codes are also a consideration; just stop by your local fire department to see where you can launch rockets safely in your area, especially since you may need special permits. They won¡¯t try to stop you; firefighters usually find rockets pretty cool when used safely. And NAR has a great set of rules and codes that you need to learn up on their website.
8. Never set off a regular fuse by hand. Rockets are unpredictable. When working with them, wear safety goggles, use a long fuse, and keep a wall between you and the rocket. Remember to have consideration for the safety of yourself and others. And never, never, when a rocket fails to go off, run out to see what¡¯s wrong. You may have a delayed fuse. Wait a full minute before going up to it. Minors should never set off rockets by themselves; there should always be an adult present.
9. Find a clear, flat, grass-free place to set your rocket off from, preferably a concrete slab. A large board that¡¯s been covered with fireproof covering or at least dampened will be fine as well. Use a leveler to make certain your launch pad is as level as possible. Clear any debris from the area, especially flammables like dried grass or wood, or paper. Keep your launch pad well away from trees, houses, or power lines.
10. Try to launch on clear, windless days, preferably not long after a good rain. Wildfire conditions are not the time to set off your flammable device!
11. Paint your rocket in bright colors so that you can spot it easily after launching it, and to make it simple to find. Any descent-slowing devices like parachutes should also be in bright colors.
12. Care for your model rocket properly after launching. Use a slightly damp cloth to clean off any obvious dirt, and go over that lightly with alcohol. Inspect it carefully for cracks while you clean the exterior, and clean the area around the engine most carefully; leaving any flammable material in this area could be disastrous on your next flight. Shake it gently to make sure nothing rattles. Check your point and fins to assure that nothing was blunted, loosened, knocked askew, or otherwise messed up.
13. Be in contact with your local model rocketry group. You can learn things from experienced model-makers you¡¯ll never learn from a book or online. The NAR will be able to direct you to a local group. They will also be able to help you find resources on special laws and regulations in your area governing model rocketry. |
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