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Most new boat owners visit the marine supply stores and head straight for the electronics display, fascinated by all the bells and whistles they can add to their boats in the form of GPS navigation receivers, marine radios, radar, depth meters, wind instruments and even stereos. It¡¯s easy to succumb to the lure of gadgetry at the expense of neglecting what¡¯s really important. While you might have no qualms about pulling out the plastic to buy a $800 chart plotting GPS, you may find less inclined to shuck out $200 to $500 for a hunk of galvanized steel that looks a lot less fun to play with than the chart plotter.
The truth is, though, high quality and properly-sized anchors should be right up there at the top of your list when you are shopping for gear for your boat. There is no other item on board that is more important for saving your boat from destruction than the anchor and its cable or ¡°rode¡± (collectively known as ¡°ground tackle¡±). Good ground tackle is expensive, and not as impressive to you and your friends as fancy electronics, but you can¡¯t cruise safely without it. Here¡¯s a look at how anchors work and a discussion of the most widely used types:
Most people incorrectly believe that boat anchors must be heavy to work, and that it is this weight that secures the boat to the sea floor. For an anchor to work this way, it would have to be so heavy that the boat could not sail with it and it could not be lifted or carried on board. Permanent mooring anchors work this way, and often weigh several hundred or even thousands of pounds. A cruising anchor, by contrast, will range from just a few pounds to somewhere less than a hundred pounds, depending on the design and the size of the vessel it is intended for. Cruising anchors work by ¡°hooking¡± the bottom with their flukes (wide fin-like appendages with a sharp point), often digging in beneath the sea floor by means of their carefully designed shapes.
The Danforth-style anchor is a pivoting fluke design that has great holding power even in its smallest sizes. This anchor lies flat when not in use, making it easy to stow and easy to carry. Once it hits the bottom, the sharp-pointed flukes swing out and dig into the sea floor as soon as the boat pulls against it. The Danforth anchor is renowned for its holding ability in sand bottoms, and is perhaps the best of all anchors for this type of bottom, as well as mud bottoms. The Danforth anchor does not work on grassy bottoms, however, as it lacks the correct shape and weight to penetrate grass and firmly set. Danforth anchors also have the advantage of being relatively cheap, so they are good to carry as second and third back-up anchors.
Plow type anchors excel at penetrating grass. These anchors have one sharp point with two side flukes built in, and look exactly like a plow designed for breaking land. They perform like a plow as well, digging deeply into the sea floor to firmly plant themselves sometimes several feet deep in sand, mud or grassy bottoms. The most common plow-type anchors on the market are the CQR, which has a pivoting shank designed to allow the boat to swing around if the wind changes without pulling the anchor out of its set, and the Delta, which looks similar to a CQR but without the pivot. The CQR and the Delta are both proven anchors that are widely used by world cruising sailors. These anchors are the best all-around anchors to carry for your primary anchor, as they work well in most of the sea floor conditions you will likely encounter. Good plow anchors are expensive, and buying one for a larger boat will be a considerable investment. Even so don¡¯t skimp on your primary anchor and make sure you have at least one, if not two plow anchors aboard if you plan to cruise.
The other type of anchor you need to consider is the classic style anchor most people picture when they think of anchors. This type of anchor has twin flukes on both sides, and a perpendicular horizontal bar higher up on the shank designed to make sure one of the two flukes is pointing down and digging in to the sea floor. This classic anchor works well on rocky bottoms, where the hook can catch a nook or cranny in the rock and securely hold on. Classic-style anchors make good choices for storm anchors. Many of them can be disassemble for easy stowage in a locker until needed. Buy an oversized one for your boat, and along with the plow and Danforth anchors you have on board, you will be ready for any anchoring conditions.
Perhaps the best choice of anchors for the cruising boat that is going places is one of each type: Danforth, plow, and classic. Carrying these plus an additional plow or Danforth is even better. A boat with four anchors and properly-sized rodes is well-equipped. If you sail long enough and far enough, you will certainly encounter conditions in which you will need to use all four at once. Don¡¯t begrudge the many hundreds of dollars you will have to spend to properly equip your cruising sailboat with ground tackle. Think of anchors and rodes as insurance. The first time you¡¯re caught out on a dark and stormy night in an unprotected anchorage, you can rest easily and maybe even sleep through it all in the reassuring knowledge that you bought good anchors.
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