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Individuals can find themselves adrift at sea in several ways. A boating accident, whether on a weekend fishing trip or a luxury ocean getaway, quickly ruins any vacationer¡¯s spirit. Bridge disasters and plane crashes could also strand individuals in a sea, ocean, or other large body of water. Proper preparation, adequate supplies, and survival skills prevent a simple accident from becoming a tragedy.
Emergency Preparation
The best preparation for being adrift at sea is to properly equip emergency rafts. Supplies such as dry clothes, blankets, food, water, rope, and a first aid kit are obvious, but sea survival requires some unusual materials. A hat, sunglasses, and sunblock are necessary to protect yourself from extreme sunburn not only from above but also from the light reflected by the water. A compass can help you determine the proper direction, and fishhooks can help supplement a food supply. A flashlight, flares, VHF radio, and emergency beacon are all useful to signal passing planes and ships.
Another way to signal distress is with a mirror or other reflective surface. Aluminum foil, glasses, a tin can, watch face, or other shiny surface can be used to create a repetitive signal that may catch a passing craft¡¯s notice and initiate rescue. To make your raft more visible, supplies should be bright, noticeable colors. A yellow, pink, or orange blanket is far more visible from a distance than a blue or white one, which would only blend in with the water and nearby waves. Stored clothes should also be bright colors for additional visibility.
If possible, a life raft should be equipped with an emergency beacon. If tuned properly, global marine distress signals can relay emergencies to aircraft, ships, and satellites to help rescue parties pinpoint your location for a speedy recovery.
Simply organizing adequate supplies is not enough to guarantee survival while adrift at sea. Everyone aboard a vessel should be trained to operate the raft long before an emergency, and frequent drills help keep skills sharp. During an emergency everyone should know where to go, what tasks to perform, and what additional supplies to procure.
Emergency Evacuation
Staying calm and acting rationally during an emergency increases your chances of survival. First, stay aboard the large boat as long as possible before abandoning ship: a larger vessel is easier for rescue crews to spot and it is safer in rough waters unless it has been severely damaged. Hypothermia and exposure are far more dangerous than drowning in cold waters, and low temperatures can cause death in as little as one hour. To stay warm as long as possible, stay out of the water and aboard the larger vessel.
As you board the life raft, bring along any additional supplies you can, especially water. While it is possible to survive for weeks without adequate food, dehydration kills in a few days. Many canned foods, particularly vegetables, are packed in water, making them doubly valuable for a life raft. If there is no room for bottles of water, tie them to the craft and let them float. Fresh water is less dense than seawater and the bottles will be easy to retrieve.
If the larger vessel sinks, keep the life raft near the area. Rescue teams concentrate searches around wrecks and accident areas, and the closer you are to the accident site the sooner you will be rescued. To prevent the craft from drifting erratically, devise a sea anchor or other form of underwater drag ¨C this also makes the craft easier to control and less likely to tip. If there are multiple rafts in the vicinity, bring them as close as possible, preferably tying them. A group of rafts is more visible than scattered boats, especially to passing aircraft. It is also prudent to inventory each raft¡¯s supplies and ration them accordingly.
If you are unable to immediately board a raft, you must conserve both heat and energy in the water. Floating on your back takes the least energy if there is no suitable debris to cling to. If you have a life preserver, curl up your legs and bring your arms in to your sides in the fetal position to conserve heat, especially in cold water. Use a whistle or emergency light (usually both are attached to a life vest) to signal rafts and board one as soon as possible.
Days of Drifting
When rescue is not immediate, long-term measures must be taken to conserve energy and supplies. Keep clothes dry and stay out of the water: prolonged exposure to salt water causes lesions that easily become infected and painful. Protect yourself from the sun with long sleeves and pants, and use a tarp, blanket, or other material to devise a canopy. Do not look directly at the sun.
If you know where land is, try to paddle in that direction but do not exhaust yourself. It is impossible to move life rafts significant distances without tremendous effort, and your energy is best conserved for long term survival. Fixed clouds, abundant birds, and the sound of surf are all indications of possible land.
Food is a primary concern aboard a life raft. Ration supplies carefully, and supplement them by fishing. After several days, seaweed may begin to grow on the raft¡¯s underside, attracting fish. While some fish are poisonous, a general rule of thumb is that if you cannot see land, any fish you catch are acceptable to eat. Do not eat any fish that appear ill, with missing scales, limp fins, or other unusual symptoms. If you become seasick, do not continue to eat: vomiting causes dehydration, and eating only prolongs seasickness, eventually depleting both food and water supplies.
Drinkable water is the most important supply on a raft. Depending on your activity level, the ambient temperature, and your overall health, you can survive between two and twelve days without water. To conserve water, do not smoke, and when you drink, moisten your lips, tongue, and throat before swallowing. Rest as much as possible, and devise a trough or other container to take advantage of rainfall. Fish flesh contains abundant water, so be sure to clean and eat fish carefully to further conserve your supply.
If you must endure rough seas while adrift on a life raft, aim the tallest part of raft into the waves. This keeps as much water as possible out of the boat, but be prepared to bail if necessary.
Seventy percent of the Earth¡¯s surface is water, including oceans, seas, and large lakes. Accidents are inevitable, but with proper supplies, emergency procedures, and long term survival skills, it is possible to survive for days or weeks while adrift at sea. No matter what the situation, an individual¡¯s most important supply is the determination to survive, and a positive attitude is just as valuable as brightly colored blankets, fresh water, and sunscreen. Coupled with proper preparation, mental strength makes it possible to survive even the direst situation.
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