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All pottery is made of clay, and the type of clay used greatly influences the look and quality of the finished piece. Often a potter does not use one type of clay, but may use a mixture of clays to get the result that she is looking for. For example earthenware, stoneware and porcelain are all made out of different mixtures of clay. Individual potters often make their own formulas, so that their pottery has a unique color or texture, for example. This is one reason that pottery is often more valuable when purchased from an individual potter as opposed to purchasing a mass produced piece.
Clays are generally divided into two categories, primary and secondary. Primary clays have larger grains, and have remained close to their original source. Secondary clays are a sedimentary type of clay that has been carried away from its original source by wind, running water, and other forces. This process tends to make the clay finer, and this sort of clay is often found mixed with other particles such as mica and iron, which lend the clay shiny or reddish properties.
Common types of clay and clay mixtures that you should know about are:
1. Kaolin¡ªThis clay is very pure, with a white color. It does not shrink very much when fired, and must be fired at a very high temperature. It is usually not used alone, as it does not have a high degree of ¡°plasticity,¡± that is, the ability to be malleable and easy to work with. This clay must be fired at a very high temperature.
2. Fire clay¡ªFire clay can be easy to work with or not, as its degree of plasticity is variable. It usually has a very rough texture, and is often added to stoneware.
3. Ball clay¡ªThis clay has a finer grain than fire clay, and shrinks a great deal during the firing process. For this reason, it is usually mixed with kaolin, as kaolin clay has a low degree of shrinkage.
4. Earthenware¡ªThis type of clay is very common, and generally contains a fair amount of iron. It does not generally need to be fired at very high temperatures.
5. Stoneware¡ªStoneware is clay that is generally a mixture of other clays. It has a high degree of plasticity, and requires a fairly high firing temperature. You have probably eaten off of dinner plates made of stoneware.
6. Porcelain¡ªThis favorite is actually a mixture of several other types of clay and minerals. It is generally composed of kaolin, ball clay, feldspar and flint. It does not have much plasticity, and must be fired at an extremely high temperature. This white clay mixture can be a challenge to work with. Porcelain pieces can command high prices, if they are of good quality.
A general rule to remember about any type of clay is that the more water it holds, the more it will shrink when it dries. Since excessive shrinkage can lead to the malformation of a finished piece, the potter can add materials that do not absorb water to the clay, such as feldspar or flint. Sometimes potters also use clay that has already been fired and then ground up to add to their mixture. This type of substance is called ¡°grog.¡± Grog can be used to add color to a piece as well, as can flakes of rust or adding chemicals such as manganese dioxide.
If you are thinking about trying your hand at pottery, buy your clay in bulk. It is often the same price or cheaper to buy 25 pounds of clay from a supplier than buying five pounds from a craft store. Clay suppliers carry many different types of clay, and some will even mix clay to your specifications. You can buy clay wet or dry. If you buy the clay dry, it will be much easier to get to your studio or home, but more work once you start to mix the water in. Using dry clay can be advantageous if you are mixing different types of clay together, as you will only have to mix the clay one time. If you purchase different types of wet clay and want to mix them together, you will need to add a lot of water, and will spend a great deal of time smoothing out the lumps and getting it all mixed together. Your decision about whether you should purchase wet or dry clay should be based not only on ease of transportation, but also on what you plan to do with the clay once you have it. It is definitely easier to mix clay when it is dry than when it is wet.
Some artists enjoy digging their own clay. This will save you money, but it will certainly not save you time. If you decide to dig your own clay, you will need to find a spot that has already been dug out, as clay lies beneath the topsoil. If the ground is dry, it may be difficult to tell if you are handling dirt or clay. To find out if it is clay, wet it with some water and see if it becomes mud or not. Once you find clay, you will need to dig up the amount you want and then spread it out to dry. After it is dry, you will have to pulverize it and sift out all of the little rocks and organic matter that are in it. After you have completed that step, put some water on the clay, and determine if it has the degree of plasticity that you require. If not, or if it has too much plasticity, you may need to add an additive.
For your first project, you should probably choose a clay or clay mixture that has a high degree of plasticity, as it will be easier to work with, and less likely to crack. As you gain experience, experiment with different kinds of clay and additives. There is a plethora of information to be had on this subject. If you decide to become a potter, you can create your own special mixture that gives your pieces the stamp of a true artist.
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