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These days, NASA is very interested in the development of an air-breathing rocket. Preliminary tests have been made, and the first major engine system requirements review was completed 3 months ahead of schedule. Now, two years of testing are complete. The NASA team must be feeling optimistic. Air-breathing rockets will be lighter and cheaper than the behemoths that NASA has been producing. And, although an air-breathing rocket requires a radically new engine and approach towards space travel, the underlying technology is actually over sixty years old. The new air-breathing rocket engine will extract oxygen from the air to burn fuel as it speeds to orbit.
Jet engines have been using this process for decades, and adapting the technology to lightweight rocket ships will greatly lessen the cost of putting the spacecraft into orbit. As of now, the cost per pound of lifting a spaceship into orbit is about $10,000 – that’s about $1,500,00 for a 150lb man – hardly economical for tourist travel. Much of the weight, effort, and cost resides in the million pounds of liquid oxidizer currently needed for combustion. Depending on the new spaceship design, the current weight of a space vehicle – 4.4 million pounds, could be reduced by 25% to 50%, potentially opening up sub-orbital and orbital space flight to ordinary folks. NASA’s goal is to reduce the cost of low orbit spaceflights by a factor of 100. Low Earth orbit flights extend approximately 100 nautical miles above Earth, and this is where the air-breathing vehicles will function.
So, if you remove the liquid oxygen, you must achieve combustion and thrust by taking in air from the atmosphere. It will then combine it with the fuel. In a jet engine, air is sucked in, the engine compresses the air, combines it with fuel, and burns the product, providing thrust. At speeds above Mach 3 or 4, because of overheating, an air inlet draws in air. This type of jet is called a scramjet, and the air is slowed and compressed as the vehicle travels through the atmosphere. Fuel is added to the airflow, where the two mix and burn. This is the principle used by the air-breathing rocket, and the most likely fuels include liquid hydrogen or hydrocarbon fuel.
The strongest thrust, by far, is required at liftoff, and air-breathing engines just can’t achieve that power. For that, two options are being considered. Plan one is to use turbojets or air-augmented rockets to get the vehicle off the ground. These function like normal rocket engines, except that when they reach a speed of, say, Mach two or three, they will augment the oxidation of the fuel with air in the atmosphere, up to a speed of about Mach 10 when they will change back to normal rocket function. These scramjet-like rockets will reside in a duct that captures air. Performance could be boosted by about 15 percent over conventional rockets.
Plan two, further down the line, is to launch the air-breathing rocket vehicle by using maglev (magnetic levitation) tracks. On these tracks the rocket will accelerate to speeds of up to 600 mph before lifting into the air. It’s interesting to note that the German V1 and V2 rockets of World War II were also launched horizontally. Once again, the air-breathing rocket engines will kick in between speeds of Mach two and Mach ten, when the conventional rocket-powered system will be used for a final push into orbit.
Conventional rockets are launched vertically for a short flight-path. Air-gulping space ships will stay longer in the atmosphere, to extract as much oxygen as possible. They will fly much like an airplane, cruising at high altitudes, taking in oxygen until the proper speed is reached for orbit. These new vehicles will be easier to maneuver and will be safer than the current technology. They may usher in the era of space tourism. Plans are afoot to design a flight-weight air-breathing rocket engine in-house for flight demonstration by 2005. This should determine whether air-breathing rocket engines can be built light enough for a launch vehicle.
A ground test air-breathing rocket engine is being developed by NASA, which intends to flight-test a self-powered vehicle to more than six times the speed of sound by the end of the decade, demonstrating all types of engine operation. The engine, nicknamed "ARGO" by the design team, after the mythical Greek ship that bore Jason and the Argonauts on their voyage of discovery. The engine will function as a rocket, ramjet and scramjet, and will use air as an oxidizer. Ground testing is scheduled to begin in 2006 and should be complete by the end of the decade. The world's first hypersonic, rocket-based, combined cycle engine will be fueled and cooled by hydrocarbon and high-test peroxide propellants. Spacecraft powered in this way would be completely reusable, able to take off and land at airport runways, ready to fly again within days.
Because air-breathing rockets will function largely in the atmosphere, the design will need to be shaped to reduce drag, suggesting sharp leading edges and other airplane-like designs. It is hoped that only a small ground-crew will be required for the expected quick turn-around. There will be standardized parts and procedures, with a smart engine system. By 2025, it is hoped that these near-space workhorses will be operational and long-lived. Putting all the elements together will be difficult, but, the hope is that in twenty years, due largely to air-breathing rockets, the age of commercial space flight will really have begun. |
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