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The balance beam is one of the four main female gymnastics apparatuses that make up competitive play. The others are the vault, the uneven bars, and the floor exercise. All four are governed by the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG), who determines the rules, scoring criteria, and difficulty levels of the various routines. Scores are evaluated independently by a panel of judges who then average the numbers (excluding the highest and lowest scores) and reach a final number.
The balance beam is a large, rigid beam with a flat top. It is raised 1.2 meters off the floor, is 5 meters long, but only 10 centimeters wide. It is a gymnastics apparatus which stresses balance and proper poise as the gymnast attempts to perform difficult maneuvers and acrobatic feats, all while perched on the tiny beam.
Moves:
Moves for gymnastics are ranked according to difficulty, from the easiest moves, ranked at A, to the most difficult ones which are ranked at E. Every move is judged according to its difficulty and the gymnast's performance. Thus, attempting more difficult moves is often better for a gymnast's score than simply performing easier moves perfectly.
Moves for the balance beam vary according to movement and level. Some moves are close to the bar, and the gymnast must crouch or otherwise maintain balance in the position. Others require the gymnast to leave the bar entirely, jumping in the air and landing softly while maintaining perfect balance. Some basic moves include the front flip, in which the gymnast flips forward and lands on the beam, and the switch leap, in which the gymnast jumps with one foot forward and one foot behind, switching legs in mid-air before landing. A harder move is the Omelianchik, named for the famous Russian gymnast. In this move, the gymnast performs a back dive with a quarter-twist, ending in a handstand.
Routines:
Balance beam routines are a mixture of gymnastics skills, acrobatic movements, and dance aesthetics. The gymnast must combine grace, skill, and poise to create a routine that shows a mastery of the apparatus and the moves.
Gymnastics routines on the balance beam are chosen by the gymnast themselves and do not have to be submitted ahead of the competition. Although they can take any order, there are a number of required elements that must be included in the routine. These required elements include at least one move performed close to the bar; at least one large jump; at least two flight elements (in which the gymnast's feet leave the bar), and a one-leg turn of at least 360 degrees.
Routines generally last between 60 and 90 seconds and must utilize the entire length of the balance beam. Gymnasts can combine the various moves of a routine into more complicated combinations or series of moves. These routines provide points based on the difficulty level of the individual moves, as well as the combined difficulty of the routine. Adding moves together increases the overall level of difficulty.
Scoring:
The scoring rules and regulations of competitive gymnastics, set by the International Federation of Gymnastics, are similar for all four competitive events. Gymnasts start with a base score of 9.500 which is then adjusted according to the routine. Then points are taken off for errors and bonus points are added on for extremely well-performed routines and moves. The maximum number of bonus points which can be added is .500, thus the highest score possible for a competitive balance beam routine is a perfect 10.
Scoring is based on a number of criteria, not just on the execution of moves. Judges take into account the difficulty of the moves: the rhythm and composition of the routine, the amplitude of movements, the height of jumps, the scope of moves, and the dismount, which is usually performed with a twist or tuck to increase difficulty. Finally, the basic execution of the gymnast is taken into account, including poise, body position, and ease of completion.
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