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One of the most common concerns horse owners have is what to feed their horses. There are so many options available, it can be hard to determine what your horse really needs and what he doesn¡¯t.
Horses have existed for thousands of years as nomadic grazing animals. In years past as wild animals the majority of their time each day was dedicated to grazing, and the pursuit of finding good grazing. As a result, their digestive systems are designed to be continuously digesting relatively small amounts of food. Because a horse could only travel so far in a day, they didn¡¯t generally experience any radical changes in feed. A horse¡¯s hind gut contains all the enzymes and bacteria necessary for breaking down the feed that it eats and turning into something its body can use. The different types and levels of enzymes and bacteria present vary depending on what the horse has been eating.
As the relationship between horse and human grew, the living environments and thus feeding patterns of horses changed dramatically. Thousands of years worth of evolution doesn¡¯t change in just a few centuries though, so many of the common problems horses suffer from today such as colic, founder and being a hard keeper can be directly linked to how they are fed.
Feeding horses has become a careful balance between nature and necessity. Pleasure horses need to have their nutritional and caloric needs met while still having enough hours in the day free to perform their duties. For many horses, this means that they simply don¡¯t have enough time to stand around in a pasture and eat to maintain their needs. In addition, many horse owners simply don¡¯t have access to good pasture they can turn their horses out on. So, although good pasture is the best food source for most horses it isn¡¯t always practical or possible, or enough for the horses of today.
So what does all this mean to you as a horse owner? Basically, your horse has two main feed sources available to meet his needs: forages and concentrates.
Forages include pasture grass, grass hay (such as prairie grass, timothy and bermuda, legume hay (such as alfalfa and clover) and more modern forages such as beet pulp. Forage or roughage should make up the bulk of your horses diet. It is the main source of calories and nutrition for your horse, and is also extremely important for gut motility. Gut motility, or activity basically means keeping your horses gut moving and healthy. Free choice pasture or grass hay would be the ideal way to feed your horse. This will allow them to graze, or mimic grazing by having constant access to hay. Pasture, followed by grass hay are ideal food stuffs for horses. They are generally perfectly balanced and safe to feed. Legume hays such as alfalfa are not nutritionally balanced and often cause problems if fed free choice. Beet pulp is an excellent source of nutrition for horses, but also isn¡¯t balanced enough to be fed free choice or as the sole forage. If forage can not be fed free choice, the horses forage ration should be broken down into as many small meals fed regularly throughout the day. Ideally, fresh hay should be provided 3 or more times a day. Two times a day, generally morning and evening is the absolute minimum. Forage should be fed by weight, with 1.5-2% of the horses¡¯ weight being fed each day.
Concentrates are more commonly referred to as grain. Grain provides pleasure horses with a highly concentrated source of calories. For today¡¯s hard working horses who are unable to consume enough calories through forage alone concentrates provide the extra calories needed to keep them fit. Concentrates should be fed as up to 10% of a horse¡¯s daily ration by weight. No more than 3-4 pounds of grain should be fed at a time to avoid overloading the horses system resulting in illness or wastage of the feed. The total amount of grain fed each day should be broken down into 2-3 or more servings.
In addition to forage and concentrates there are many vitamin and mineral supplements available. Most horses who are receiving high quality had and a good concentrate do not need additional supplementation. If however your area is lacking in known vitamins or minerals, or you have a reason to doubt the quality of your feedstuffs a high quality vitamin and/or mineral supplement can be added to your horse¡¯s diet. It is generally easiest to feed a supplement by adding it to your horse¡¯s grain.
By feeding your horse high quality feeds at a regular time interval every day and feeding the same feed consistently you can eliminate many healthy problems and ensure that your horse has all the fuel it needs to perform the work you demand of him!
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