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In the year 2000, California was confronted with mandatory rolling blackouts, the seeming result of the over-consumption of energy resources. Although it was later discovered to be a vain attempt by energy wholesalers to control the market, the situation forced customers on the West Coast to rethink its future.
Crises such as this force people to think of innovative ways to solve problems. One such innovation is the emerging technology known as smart windows.
Using glass as a building material may seem sleek and hi-tech, but it can drive up energy costs. Glass allows sunlight to filter through, naturally heating a room. A building with too many windows, however, can generate so much heat during the summer months that results in increased use of air conditioning, and therefore a prohibitive cost. Smart windows harness this natural resource without sacrificing cost.
A smart window saves energy costs by taking heat when needed, and blocking it when it¡¯s not needed. A film with a certain chemical composition which has electrical conducting properties covers the glass during the manufacturing process forms the smart window. Depending on an electrical signal generated by a controlling device, the particles in the film either align to absorb sunlight, or appear in random orientations to block sunlight, changing colors during the process. Currently, three types of smart windows exist on the market
The most familiarly known smart window to consumers is found in electronics. Computer monitors, calculator display screens, digital watches, and many other electronics use liquid crystal displays (LCDs). As the name implies, LCDs are designed using liquid crystals. The crystals align and become numbers or letters by electrical signals generated when the machine is turned on. When the machine is turned off, the glass is cloudy. When the machine is on, the glass becomes clear. This type of smart window is used quite frequently. Light in a room can provide the electric signal, or it can be provided by an electric source such as battery power or by power cords.
Electrochromic windows happen to be the latest and greatest innovation in the smart windows family. Electrochromic windows are used commercially as rearview mirrors, sunroofs, and in buildings. Because it is made from a metal-like material, electrochromic windows have semi-conducting properties that either act to retain heat or reflect it. The window coloring changes from transparent when absorbing light to yellow when reflecting light. Environmental cues (sunlight) are the impetus for the electrical current that causes the metal ions to creep from a resting layer into an ¡°electrochromic layer¡± and oxidize. A temperature-sensitive switch mobilizes the metal ions in the film, moving the ions into alignment in the electrochromic layer so that sunlight passes through, making the window transparent. These windows are called ¡°switchable-glazing¡± windows. The low power consumption of electrochromic technology makes it a viable alternative to standard glass as a building material. This technology does have some drawbacks, as the initial investment is quite considerable.
There are several competing electrochromic technologies. Troy Manning and Ivan Parkin of the University College in London used a chemical composition of vanadium oxide and tungsten metal to create a 100 nanometer film that, when applied to glass, allows sunlight to be absorbed below 29 degrees Celsius, but reflects infrared rays at 29 degrees or above. Another film was developed at the Lawrence Berkley Laboratory, using a film with electrical conducting properties and multiple layers that exchanged ions to produce a color change, either reflecting or transmitting sunlight. Commercial manufacturers are refining the manufacturing process to make the windows more attractive economically and in appearance.
The last primary type of smart windows in commercial production uses suspended particle display technologies. Suspended particle displays, or SPDs, are microscropic molecular particles which are suspended in a liquid solution. The particles are placed in a conductive sheet which is then sandwiched between two panes of glass. A device is used to turn the window on or off. When the window is ¡®on¡¯, an electrical current causes the particles to align, changing the color of the glass to transparent and letting sunlight in. When the signal is ¡®off¡¯ the particles return to rest randomly and the glass becomes tinted. SPDs are used commercially in a capacity similar to the electrochromic windows. SPDs are also a component used to make ski goggles.
The benefit of using these technologies resides mainly in cost. Energy savings of up to 50% can occur over time with the use of smart windows. The initial investment is costly though. Manufacturers are refining their processes to one day create the film at lower cost. With advances in the manufacturing process, this may in the future be a very attractive alternative to standard heating and cooling apparatuses. |
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