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Virtually every modern television-watching household has at least one remote control. But, what is inside the TV remote and how does it work?
Most remote controls use Infra Red or IR technology. IR remotes send pulses of light to the television; this light is transmitted by a light emitting diode, or LED in the remote control unit. The LED is like a tiny light bulb and the light it emits in a high frequency range ¨C from 30 kHz to 40 kHz ¨C in order to prevent other common light sources from interfering with the IR transmission.
Inside the remote unit, the LED is connected to a printed circuit board. The circuit board contains all of the electronic parts that make the remote work; it usually has a chip, also known as an integrated circuit, and may have a combination of transistors, resistors, resonators and capacitors. When a button on the remote control is pressed, it is pushed against a portion of the printed circuit board known as a contact. This connection sends a message along the circuit board to the chip; it then sends a signal out to the rest of the board with a coding to indicate which button was pressed. The transistor amplifies the original signal to make it strong enough to power the LED. Resonators affect the frequency at which a signal is sent. A capacitor stores electrical energy and allows it to be released in controlled bursts instead of in a steady stream. A resistor allows you to reduce the amount of energy sent through it. These components allow the regulation of the energy sent through the circuit by affecting the amount, frequency and speed of the signal. These variations in the signal allow the remote to send messages for channel changes, volume adjustments, power status, menu controls and all of the other functions modern televisions allow.
The circuit board also has battery contacts. These allow the board to draw energy from a battery installed in the remote control; this power allows the electronics to activate.
So, once a button is pressed on the remote control power is drawn from the battery and an electronic signal is sent along the circuit to the chip. The signal is modified by the other electronics on the board and the signal is sent to the LED to send pulses of light. These pulses of light are broadcast and if the television receives them, it will function according to the control signal it was sent.
Different televisions use specific light pulse patterns to communicate with their remotes. Some use pulse width coded signals. These vary the length of each pulse in order to transmit information. Others are known as space coded signals; space coded signals use the amount of time between light pulses to convey information. Shift coded signals use a combination of space and pulse widths to send their messages.
Universal remotes work by allowing transmission of all of these types of signals. They may be pre-programmed with codes for multiple manufacturers or have the ability to learn codes by copying signals from an existing remote. Many modern TV remotes have a combination of pre-programmed codes and custom programming ability.
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