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If you have ever shopped in a department store, you likely already know or can guess the purpose of the strange, free-standing devices that frame the exit doors. Many people are even familiar with the sound they make when a piece of merchandise that has been stolen or improperly scanned passes through. But what are these devices, and how do they work to prevent shoplifting?
Anti-shoplifting methods have been becoming more and more unobtrusive and advanced. There are several different types of electronic article surveillance (EAS) systems that are popular for use today, including the familiar plastic tags-and-scanner sets and more discreet paper labels.
Generally, EAS systems function in two parts: the tag attached to the merchandise, and the large receiver and transmitter placed at the doors. After paying for the item, the tag is either removed or deactivated, depending on the system used in the store. Generally the latter is done by "swiping" the tag through a unit that will demagnetize it. (The tag contains a miniature circuit with a diode that will burn out when it is passed through.) If it is not swiped, it will emit radio waves in response to the transmitter at the door, and the receiver opposite it will detect it and sound an alarm. The devices communicate via Radio Frequency Systems (RFS), a widely-used technology in EAS.
A second method that is popular in Europe is the Electromagnetic (EM) system. For EM, the tag will emit electromagnetic-wave pulses, and they must be activated using a magnetic field. The tag is usually attached with adhesive to a flat area of the item and contains a strip of iron. It can be deactivated and reactivated easily, making it a cost effective method. The sensors determine the level of permeability of objects passing through it, to differentiate store tags from other metals being carried by customers, and if it finds an object of the correct permeability that does not emit the waves, the alarm will be triggered.
The acousto-magnetic system is a newer method of EAS. Like the first two systems, the door transmitter will initiate a radio wave response of a single frequency in these labels, and a microcomputer will determine if the label meets an "unauthorized" criteria. (These criterion mainly depend on the size of the tag - when placed in a magnetic field it will physically shrink.) If it is not demagnetized, it will resonate at the "F" frequency, and if the receiver detects this frequency an alarm will sound.
Technology today is allowing for much more advanced tagging systems as well. RFS-compatible tags are easily disguised to look like normal sales tags, so that a shoplifter may not even distinguish them from non-tagged items. They can even be sewn into merchandise or concealed by the manufacturer inside the packaging. These labels are becoming more popular because they can be authorized using proximity deactivators, a system that does not even require coming in contact with the tag to deactivate it. This allows shipments of items to be activated or deactivated in bulk, and saves work on tagging and authorizing items in the store, not to mention making them inconspicuous.
At the same time, the bulky plastic tags usually found on clothing are more conspicuous than ever to discourage thieves--and some even contain a surprise for their shoplifter in the form of a capsule of indelible ink. The ink erupts onto the garment and the thief when removal is attempted, ruining it and making the shoplifter identifiable if he or she returns to the store. (These are known as "benefit denial tags".) All plastic tags are easily removable by store staff only and can be re-used.
Since these methods have come into use, shoplifting levels have come down about sixty percent and are still lowering. They are seen in department stores, drugstores, grocery stores and even small shops as a physical reminder to thieves that they are being watched. |
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