1291: Crusader rule ended with fall of Acre.On this day Crusader rule in the Holy Land came to an end when the Maml¨±ks took the city of Acre, the last stronghold of the kingdom of Jerusalem. The Crusades were a series of military expeditions organized by Western Christians to check the spread of Islam, to retake control of the Holy Land and formerly Christian territories, and to conquer pagan lands. After a desperate and heroic defense, Acre was taken by the Maml¨±ks, and the inhabitants who survived the massacre were enslaved. Acre and all the castles along the coast were systematically destroyed.More events on this day1961:Amnesty International, a human-rights advocacy organization, was founded in London. |
1937:Neville Chamberlain became prime minister of Great Britain. |
1934:The Dionne quintuplets, the first set of documented quintuplets to survive, were born near Callander, Ontario, to Oliva and Elzire Dionne. |
1908:English suspense novelist Ian Fleming, creator of James Bond, was born in London. |
1830:Passed this day, the Indian Removal Act allowed U.S. President Andrew Jackson to clear the way for further white settlement by granting American Indian tribes unsettled western prairie land in exchange for their settlements within the borders of extant states. Many Southeast Indian tribes were forcibly removed by U.S. soldiers under the terms of the act. |
1804:Napoleon Bonaparte proclaimed the establishment of the French Empire. |
1788:The Federalist papers—a series of 85 essays on the proposed new U.S. Constitution and on the nature of republican government, written in 1787–88 by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay—were published in book form. |
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