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Latin for "magpie", a bird reputed to have an unusual appetite, pica is the name given to one series of the more unusual known eating disorders. Pica describes an intense, apparently illogical craving for non-palatable substances, commonly dirt, clay, or soap, and more disastrously, paint chips. By definition, it must persist for one month or longer, though this minimum term is taken as rather arbitrary in diagnosis, for the urges associated with pica may come and go, but will generally be persistent over some lengthened period. It sometimes afflicts an individual as the apparent result of another condition, such as pregnancy or autism, but can in fact be a disorder of its own, with a range of effects varying greatly depending upon the actual type of craving and its intensity.
Commonly pica occurs in children, whose inhibitive functions are somewhat less than that of adults. Luckily, some of the most common victims of pica--glue, paste, crayons--are manufactured in such a way as to be non-toxic if ingested. The developmentally challenged are at a greatly increased risk for pica; whether this is the result of psychological or physiological factors is largely unknown, as is much about the condition itself. Developmentally normal adults exhibiting the symptoms of any variety of pica will usually be more discrete, and as such the condition may often go undiagnosed and its subjects may be entirely confused as to the origin of their cravings. Some of the more common varieties include pagophagia, or the compulsive chewing of ice, and geophagia, or the pica involving the consumption of dirt or clay. Stachtophagia describes, for instance, the urge to eat cigarette ashes; corniophagia is the urge to consume dust. These are among the subdivisions of the condition well known, but any substance, if unduly craved, can be a form of pica, described medically by its technical name with the Greek suffix "phagia", meaning the eating of that substance.
The physiological causes of pica seem to be largely nutritional in origin. While by definition pica involves the consumption of non-nutritive material, some evidence indicates that an intense craving for clay may originate with mineral deficiency. Archaeological evidence seems to indicate that man and his ancestors may have consumed clay habitually, likely for its mineral benefits and for its medicinal use as an effective antacid. Clay was (and is) also used to neutralize the effects of tannic acid in acorn flour by numerous societies. Until more recently the connections here went unfinished--pica was thought to be a wholly psychiatric condition. However, certain clays have also been sold and bought in parts of the south as a form of nutritional supplement, meant to be eaten in large bars for benefits upon digestion and vended by local grocers. Pagophagia, explained above to be a craving for ice, seems rather innocuous. However, expressed to such a degree that it is compulsive, it may be indicative of anemia, or severe iron deficiency. This does not seem to be an entirely logical expression of that deficiency, but the body does, at times, work in ways not to its benefit. If diagnosed with a form of pica, it is likely that you will be tested for any number of mineral deficiencies, especially that of iron. |
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