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Nasal allergies can occur as a reaction to a wide variety of stimuli, most commonly those inspired from the air and through the nose. Medically, the condition is known as allergic rhinitis, rhinitis meaning an inflammation of the nose, allergic meaning, of course, an immunological reaction to an allergen, or particle your body decides to be foreign and harmful. Allergens vary from person to person, though some substances are better known to suit the role than others. Tree and plant pollen, mold spores, and pet dander are some of the most common nasal allergens, though common dust is a heavy contender.
Symptoms of a rhinitis are divided into the short and long-term, as the immediate effects of an allergen on the system differ from the cumulative result.
Immediate allergic symptoms include:
* Sneezing, repeated and insistent. While sneezing often occurs in response to physical stimulus of the nasal hairs and passage, it occurs also as a result of the chemical stimulation associated with an allergic response, a process that usually takes 60 to 90 seconds. Often, allergic sneezing is reported heaviest in the morning.
* Rhinorrhea, or runny nose. Chronic stimulation of the nasal passage results in an increase in the production and drainage of mucus. Drainage will be thin and clear--other coloration may occur with minor illness or may indicate nasal infection, a possible result of chronic rhinitis.
* Watery eyes. This happens as a result of the body's defensive histamine secretions. Eyes may itch and burn, especially with further inflammation caused by rubbing or scratching.
* Post-nasal drip (PND). Usually a discomfort or tickle in the upper-rear of the mouth or throat. This results from increased nasal drainage in the back of the throat as well as front. PND can result in nausea, chronic cough, and inflammation of the throat's glands.
Long term effects include worsening of initial symptoms, as well as numerous complications, including:
* Nasal congestion, caused by prolonged rhinitis.
* Chronic cough.
* Minor ear pressure or hearing difficulty.
While previously, victims of rhinitis were limited mainly to the use of "first-generation" antihistamines and lesser remedies (and, of course, avoidance of allergens), the last few decades have shown the release of numerous new, generally improved treatments for the symptoms of seasonal rhinitis.
"First-generation" antihistamines are generally nonprescription drugs that are marked often by their significant side effects, which often include sleepiness, impaired coordination, and the like. These are usually taken at bedtime to help relieve the severity of such side-effects, but offer little aid for daytime symptoms. Examples include Chlor-Trimeton (chlorpheniramine) and Benadryl (diphenhydramine).
"Second-generation" antihistamines are only more recently available on an over-the-counter basis and are generally defined by their nonsedative effects. These include Claratin, Allegra, and Zyrtec, all of which have received recent widespread popularity. They, too, have their side effects, but these side effects are generally less imposing upon patients.
As congestion is a common symptom of rhinitis, decongestants are often used to relieve sinus pressure and to allow for mucous drainage. Nasal sprays are available, but may irritate the already-sensitive nasal passages, and may cause what is called "rebound congestion", a result of swelling and irritation, if used for too long a period. These are available in over-the-counter form as Afrin, Dristan, and Neo-Synephrine, all of which include the drug oxymetazoline. Oral decongestants are usually stimulants, like pseudophedrine (Sudafed, Entex), and while effective can result in nervousness, sleeplessness, and constipation, as well as the more serious side effect of increased blood pressure. Sporadic use is generally nonproblematic. Decongestant eyedrops are also available over the counter, like Visine (tetrahydrozoline) and Clear Eyes (naphazoline).
Choice of treatment, as always, depends largely upon an individual's specific symptoms and specific reactions to various medications. Try out a treatment, and if you find it suitable, continue--if not, of course, choose again. If over-the-counter options are found to be insufficient, one might find it best to consult a regular doctor or allergist for help; the solution may lie elsewhere as it does for many afflicted, with prescription medication or with alternative therapies. One alternative for more serious cases is a treatment which actually introduces the allergen to your system intravenously, with the eventual plan to accustom your body to the particle in such a way that you will no longer respond immunologically. This treatment, like any, is not for everyone, but should be considered as one more extreme treatment for particularly stubborn allergies. |
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