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Annual reports provide a convenient means for learning about a company¡¯s activities and financial status at a high level. Information about a company¡¯s operations during the past year and one or more year¡¯s worth of financial data are included. Usually, annual reports are produced within a few months of a publicly traded company¡¯s year-end and are sent to all shareholders before the company¡¯s annual meeting. These reports can also be obtained by contacting the investor relations department of a company directly and are frequently available for download from the company¡¯s web site.
Annual reports begin with a letter to the shareholders from the company¡¯s Chief Executive Officer summarizing the company¡¯s achievements during the past year. Some letters are highly anticipated by investors. Warren Buffet, the CEO of Berkshire Hathaway, writes a particularly famous letter each year that has attracted a large following. The letter can provide insight into the CEO¡¯s strategy and plans for the future. If applicable, the letter will address significant difficulties the company has faced and indicate what the CEO plans to do to resolve them.
The next section of annual reports typically provides information and statistics about the company¡¯s business. The material is usually promotional in nature and focuses on the company¡¯s competitive advantages. The company describes its strengths and recites significant accomplishments that occurred during the previous year. Increasingly, not only traditional business objectives are discussed, but the company also includes information about its social and environmental practices. In light of the recent crisis in corporate governance, more is being written about governance issues as well.
The most important section consists of financial information. Summary financial information for at least two years begins the section. The company often calculates commonly used financial ratios that are particularly applicable to monitoring the health of its business. The company may also provide figures about the specific performance of major divisions of its business. Information about the performance of its common stock, dividend payments, and market valuation may also appear.
A brief, but very important component of this section, is the Report of Independent Auditors. This discloses who the company¡¯s auditor is and which years of the company¡¯s financial statements the auditor audited. In this section, the auditor is given the opportunity to state their opinion of the accuracy of the firm¡¯s financial statements. Anything other than an unqualified opinion is grounds for concern. A recent change in auditors is also an indicator that problems may exist with the company¡¯s accounting and merits investigation.
The firm¡¯s Summary of Accounting Policies and Practices introduces the formal financial data. The summary provides critical information about how the company calculates its formal financial data. Policies regarding revenue recognition, consolidation of subsidiaries, use of derivatives, inventory valuation, and depreciation are usually disclosed. Understanding differences in policies and practices between companies is critical to properly comparing their financial results.
The formal financial data includes an income statement, a balance sheet, and a statement of cash flows. The income statement provides information about the company¡¯s net income and its net income per share. The balance sheet provides information about a company¡¯s assets, liabilities, and shareholders equity. The statement of cash flows provides information regarding cash generation and usage from operations, investing activities, and financial activities. The company may also disclose other important financial information that is relevant to its particular business activities. All of this data is useful in assessing the firm¡¯s financial health and determining if its stock is fairly valued.
The annual report concludes with information about the company¡¯s Board of Directors and Officers, contact information for shareholders, information regarding which stock market the company¡¯s shares are traded on, and the time and location of the annual meeting. The firm may also include information about dividend payments and its dividend reinvestment program, if applicable. Information about other publications and the company¡¯s website may also be present to facilitate the location of additional materials about the company. |
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