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The first step to successful investing online is determining what exactly you want to invest in. There are three types of securities, each with its own advantages and disadvantages:
1. Savings bonds - Savings bonds and U.S. Treasury bonds are considered one of the safest investments you can make with your money. Backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government, these securities are guaranteed to at the very least retain their value in an economic depression and guard against inflation in better times. The advantages with savings bonds are their stability and dependable rate of return. These advantages are also considered their greatest weaknesses; because of their stability they usually offer lower rates of return than other securities, usually in the two to six percent range.
2. Mutual Funds - Mutual funds allow you to invest in a broad array of individual stocks when you purchase shares of a fund offered by a financial institution. A fund generally has a focus that allows a customer to determine what stocks the fund invests in and how it plans to make money. This can be helpful when developing an asset allocation strategy. The advantages to purchasing funds are instant diversification, the ability to take advantage of someone else's expertise when it comes to valuing individual stocks, and the ability to dollar-cost average your purchases over time. On the other hand, some mutual funds can charge excessive fees and with over seven thousand to choose from it can be hard to pick the winners from the losers.
3. Individual stocks - Individual stocks are just what they sound like. When you purchase a stock, you're staking a claim in whichever business you've selected. This is generally considered to be the investing choice with the most risk. Investing in individual stocks can give you unlimited control over your financial destiny as you ultimately decide which purchases make sense for your portfolio. This unfettered freedom comes with a cost; if you choose a position and the stock price tumbles, there is very little you can do other than accept the loss and move on.
Once you've decided which option best matches your appetite for risk and reward, you're ready to open an account.
Signing up for an account
Most investment accounts can be opened online. The U.S. Treasury Department has a site called TreasuryDirect that you can visit to open a savings bond account. For mutual fund investment, first determine which funds you'd like to invest in. You can open accounts with each fund company to invest in a particular fund, or some discount online brokerages will allow you to purchase mutual funds for an additional fee. In the same vein, some mutual fund companies will allow you to purchase individual stocks for your portfolio. Finding the right brokerage or fund company will depend on how much service you'd like to have with your account and what fees you're willing to pay per purchase or trade. Generally, the level of service offered increases proportionally with the amount of fees that are required. Research as thoroughly as you're willing to make sure you find an investment company that matches your financial goals as closely as possible. With so many to choose from, you should be able to find one that's right for you.
Although each company will ask for different information, there is certain information that you will need regardless of where you choose to open an account.
1. Current contact information - This is required in case the brokerage firm needs to get in contact with you in an emergency. Your firm will send you periodic account statements detailing the history and current standings for the preceding period. It is also used to determine whether you are a U.S. resident. For this reason, you can't open an account with a post office box or rural route number. If you aren't a legal U.S. resident, there are additional restrictions on the types of accounts you are allowed to hold.
2. What kind of account - Will it be a joint account with a spouse, an individual account, or a retirement account? You may also be asked about the account profile or type. These include a mix of cash, option, and margin designations. Options are the right to buy stocks in the future at a predetermined price regardless of the price of the stock. Margin is a loan from your financial institution that can be used to purchase securities. Unless you are fairly fluent in financial matters it may be best to just choose a cash account. Most brokerages will allow you to add the ability to trade options or on margin after your account is open.
3. Social Security number - This is required for each person if you're opening a joint account.
4. Your mother's maiden name - This is usually required for security purposes and is used to verify your identity if you forget your account information.
Once you've gathered this information, you should be ready to fill out and complete your online application at the company of your choice. If you prefer, most companies also allow you to download and print the application form to mail in at a later time. You can also request that the company send the form to you in most cases.
Funding your account
Either during or after you've completed your application, you will be asked to fund your account. There are several ways to do this:
1. Wire transfer - You can go to your personal bank and ask them to initiate a wire transfer to your company. You will then need to contact the company with the temporary account number assigned to your transfer so that the money can be moved to your account. This process will need to be repeated every time you wish to move funds to your online account.
2. Personal check or money order - You will be given an address and possibly coupons to use in order to mail in additional funds.
3. ACH Transfers - Automated Clearing House transfers move money directly from your personal bank account into your brokerage account. To set this up, you will need the routing number of your bank and your account number. You can find the routing number on any checks that are issued from the bank. They're generally the first set of numbers in the lower left-hand corner of the check preceding the account number. Once ACH transfers are set up, you can usually transfer money back and forth between the two accounts whenever you wish from the brokerage's website.
Placing orders
Once your account is open and funded, it's time to start placing orders. Before placing an order, be sure you have enough money in your account for your purchase. For savings bonds, the money comes directly from your bank account instead of from a locally hosted account so be careful not to overdraw. Mutual funds are bought in dollar amounts and shares of funds can be bought in pieces. For example, if you buy $100 of a fund that's currently priced at $30, your account will be credited with 3.33 shares.
With stocks, your order will be placed on the open market. Because of this, the price you pay for your shares will depend on what kind of demand there is for the stock and whether the price is being pushed up because demand is higher than the supply of stock. In addition to the price of the stock, you will also pay a fee for each transaction that you initiate through your broker. This standard fee can be different depending on what you're purchasing, like options or mutual funds through a discount broker. You may also incur additional fees based how your order is set to execute. There are several different ways to place an order that can affect the purchase price of shares.
1. Market - This means that you want the trade to execute as soon as possible at or near the current share price.
2. Limit - With a limit order, you're seeking to buy (or sell) a security at a price you specify or better. Some firms charge a fee for this type of order.
3. Stop limit - Stop limit orders allow you to seek to purchase or sell a stock at a particular price or better once a certain price has been reached. This type of order is generally used to trigger a limit order once a certain price threshold is crossed. Some firms can charge a fee for this type of order.
4. Stop market - A stop market order is a request to sell or purchase a stock at current market price when a certain price threshold is crossed. Stop market orders can be used to sell a stock after a large advance or drop and also to purchase a stock if the price swings as well. To execute this type of order you may be asked to pay an additional fee.
Once you have placed your order and set it to execute, you have officially begun investing online. |
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