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Location: Home > career > New business basics: 5 important tips for establishing a limited liability corporation (llc)
The limited liability company or ¡°LLC¡± is a relatively new business form. It is considered a hybrid business form because it combines some of the advantages of a corporation with some of the advantages of a partnership. The principals of a limited liability company are called ¡°members,¡± as opposed to ¡°partners,¡± ¡°directors,¡± or ¡°shareholders.¡± There are some very good reasons to form your business as an LLC. However, in order to get the most benefit from doing so, there are a few things you need to keep in mind. Here are five important tips for forming a limited liability company:
1. TIME YOUR FILING WITH THE SECRETARY OF STATE.
In order to form a limited liability company, the first thing you will need to do is file a document called Articles of Organization with your state¡¯s Secretary of State. In most states, this is a relatively simple, one-page document, asking for very minimal information about your company, including the name of the company and the name of the managing member or members. The form must be accompanied by a filing fee. Your state may also require additional documentation. For example, the State of California requires that LLCs file an annual Statement of Information which provides certain information regarding the company and its members. The LLC must also designate in the Statement of Information the name and physical address of the individual who is authorized to accept service of legal documents or ¡°process¡± on the LLC. This person is known as the "agent for service of process," and may be the LLC¡¯s attorney, one of the LLC¡¯s members or another individual designated by the LLC. The initial Statement of Information must be filed within 90 days of the formation of the LLC and annually thereafter. Additionally, a new Statement of Information must be filed any time there are certain changes in the organization of the LLC or any changes of address.
One of the most important things to consider when filing your forming documentation with the Secretary of State is the timing of the filing. If you are forming your business near the end of the year, you may wish to consider whether, strategically, it may be wise to delay the filing until the beginning of the following year. Here¡¯s why: In California, for example, the state¡¯s Franchise Tax Board assesses a hefty minimum annual tax ($800 as of the writing of this article) for each year the company is in business. The tax is due on the fifteenth day of the fourth month after the company is formed, and on April 15th each year thereafter. If an LLC is formed in December of a particular year, for example, the LLC¡¯s annual tax for that year will be due on March 15th of the following year, and again one month later, on April 15th , for the new year. So, be sure to take the timing of your filing into consideration and discuss the significance of the timing in your particular state, if any, with your tax attorney.
2. YOU MUST HAVE AN OPERATING AGREEMENT.
State laws require that members of a limited liability company enter into an operating agreement which details the rights and duties of the members. In most states, the agreement may be oral and/or may consist of very little detail. However, having a written operating agreement is advisable and should be considered a necessity rather than an option, unless yours is a single-member LLC. Even then, it is a good idea to have a written statement as to how the company will be operated and regarding financial matters in order to help protect your limited liability status, as will be discussed in more detail below.
In any business arrangement, having a written agreement is the very best way to protect yourself and your relationship, whether it is with someone on the other side of a transaction, with your business partners or, in this case, with the other members of your limited liability company. Your operating agreement should spell out the rights and duties of each member, as well as the contributions expected of each member, whether the contributions are financial or in the form of work and effort on behalf of the company. If your LLC will be managed by one or more members, then this needs to be decided and specified in the operating agreement. The operating agreement should also specify how and when profits of the business will be distributed to the members and should provide for a financial cushion for the company¡¯s operating expenses.
It is important to make sure that your operating agreement complies with the laws of your particular state. There are a number of good publications that contain sample operating agreements and guidelines which will help you in this regard. The best way to go about drafting an operating agreement is to gather information and ideas and then see an attorney who will help you put together an operating agreement that contains all of the relevant provisions for your specific LLC. It is also a good idea for each member to go over the draft operating agreement with his or her own attorney and have some input into the final agreement. This way, everyone is satisfied with the final operating agreement, and your attorney(s) can ensure that the operating agreement complies with all state and federal requirements.
3. UNDERSTAND THE TAX AND LIABILITY IMPLICATIONS.
The limited liability company is a relatively new business form that often provides its members with the best of both worlds with respect to taxes and personal liability. There are some disadvantages, however, and it is important that you understand and consider them.
The limited liability company business form provides members with essentially the same protection from liability enjoyed by a corporation. Generally speaking, the individual members are not liable for the LLC¡¯s debts or obligations, except to the extent of a member¡¯s contributions to or investment in the LLC. There are exceptions to this general rule, however. For example, an individual member may be held liable for an LLC¡¯s debts if the member personally guaranteed the debts. A member may also be held liable for distributions of capital that are made from the LLC¡¯s funds in violation of state law. Additionally, a member may be held liable for his or her own tortious conduct with respect to the operation or affairs of the LLC. But for the most part, if you operate your LLC in accordance with state law, do not personally guarantee the LLC¡¯s debts and are aboveboard in your company¡¯s dealings, you and your personal assets will be shielded from liability.
In addition to providing its members with essentially the same protection from liability that a corporation offers, members of an LLC also enjoy tax treatment that is similar to that of a partnership. Specifically, the LLC is not taxed as a separate entity and, accordingly, earnings are not double-taxed. This is a substantial advantage over forming as a corporation in that corporate earnings are taxed when they are earned by the corporation, and then are taxed again when they are distributed. With an LLC, each individual member of a limited liability company is taxed on the distributions made to that member. The taxation scheme for an LLC is therefore fairly straightforward. Note also that, in most states, the members of an LLC may elect to be taxed as a corporation rather than as a partnership.
There are some disadvantages to forming as an LLC with respect to tax treatment. Most significantly, the availability of certain tax write-offs will be lost. For example, while a corporation may pay its owners a salary for the work they perform, and then write off those wages as a tax deductible expense, this is not the case with an LLC. You will not be able to claim any wages paid to the members for work done for the LLC as tax deductible expenses. Keep in mind, however, that the LLC continues to evolve as a relatively new business form. There is some indication that, in the near future, the tax write-offs available to LLCs will be more comparable to those available to corporations.
4. KNOW YOUR STATE¡¯S REQUIREMENTS AND TAKE THEM SERIOUSLY.
Although forming your business as a limited liability company can offer many advantages, it is important that you conduct the business of the LLC in accordance with state laws in order to take advantage of the no-liability benefits.
For example, although the individual members of an LLC are generally protected from liability and afforded pass-through tax treatment as discussed above, under certain scenarios, these benefits can be lost. Specifically, the corporate concept of ¡°piercing the company veil¡± can also be applied to an LLC to establish that the company is an LLC in name only, organized as such solely to protect the individual member(s) from liability, but operated in all other ways as a sole proprietorship or partnership.
In order to ensure that your LLC is legitimate in the eyes of the law, and to avoid the harsh consequences of a determination otherwise, it is crucial that you follow the requirements of your state¡¯s laws in operating the LLC. This is particularly true if your LLC has only one or two members. (While most states require that an LLC have more than one member, some states do allow single-member limited liability companies.) For example, if your LLC is required to hold regular meetings, provide formal notice of the meetings and maintain minutes of the meetings, then you must adhere to this requirement or risk a determination that your LLC is not legitimate.
5. DECIDE ON THE DURATION OF YOUR LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY.
Unlike a corporation, a limited liability company generally has a specified duration. If your LLC is being organized to accomplish a very specific purpose or project, you may denote in your operating agreement that the LLC will terminate on a specific date. Otherwise, under most circumstances, the LLC may be automatically terminated by operation of law if one of its members dies, resigns or files for bankruptcy protection.
Be aware of your state¡¯s laws regarding the duration of an LLC, as well as the events which may trigger an automatic termination of the LLC. Under most circumstances, you can draft your operating agreement to avoid such an automatic termination. For example, your operating agreement may provide for a ninety-day period within which the remaining members can vote to continue the business of the LLC after the death or resignation of a member. In that case, you will also have to provide for the purchase of the former member¡¯s interest in the LLC.
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