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A competitor can copy the tangible elements of a product such as its physical dimensions. This also applies to its core features and benefits. Many automobiles for example, have similar acceleration, braking, safety features and fuel economy. A service is intangible and cannot be distinguished by incontrovertible facts. Who is to decide whether one restaurant or doctor or airline or courier is better than others? Can such differences be established in a universal manner? Reflection on such questions leads one to the conclusion that it is difficult to stand out in a crowded market place on the basis of hard and verifiable evidence. Branding is a process that helps a product stand apart from others that have similar physical features.
People do not make decisions to buy goods or services on an entirely rational basis. This is obvious when a person buys an expensive watch or pen. It also applies in subtler manner when a customer chooses a product from a shelf in a store or selects a professional for a legal or accounting service. There are some things that people buy for which there is a bewildering array of choices that cannot all be remembered. Customers make choices in such matters based on names and images that come to mind or even just on impulse. Recall can often be by association, so a product may be chosen for how it is presented and the people who are known to use it.
The ability of competition to copy hard product features and the role of the subconscious in purchase decisions, make it necessary to try and make a mark on the minds of customers. Such a created impression is called branding. This business process is necessary to ensure that a company¡¯s product or service ranks amongst the first to be recalled by a customer when a decision to buy is made.
The first step in branding is to form the largest possible group of homogenous customers. People of various age groups, who live in different areas, are of a variety of linguistic and cultural backgrounds and enjoy a certain social status and economic level, all have distinct needs and ways of thinking. Branding is based on the adage of ¡®one man¡¯s meat being another¡¯s poison.¡¯ The branding of a fashion product for school students will not work for top executives in a large corporation. Branding for a sports accessory will be irrelevant for essentials that an average housewife needs to buy each month for the family. The process of forming groups of similar customers within a universe of heterogeneous people is called segmentation.
Targeting follows segmentation. This process involves choosing a segment over others for the rest of the branding process. This choice is based on the objectives of the business and its perception of competitive advantage. The owner of a hotel by the sea would choose to target holidaymakers, whilst another in a downtown commercial area would target business travelers.
Positioning follows targeting. This process seeks to occupy a unique and relevant space that is vacant or not adequately filled in the target¡¯s mind. An example would be to reduce automobile emission in a territory of affluent and older people who value environmental conservation above conventional performance criteria. Positioning requires a rigorous and objective comparison of a company¡¯s product with that of competition and a deep understanding of the behavior, thinking and values of target customer groups.
The planning phase of branding is complete with positioning and it is time to implement the plan. Implementation is through 4 elements for goods and through 4 additional elements for services. The first 4 elements are product, price, promotion and place and the additional 4 service elements are people, process, preferential customer services and physical evidence. These elements should be in harmony and support the chosen position.
The manner in which a product is augmented to meet target customer expectations and its presentation constitute the product element. The amount a customer has to pay, discounts and offers, how the price is communicated and terms of trade constitute price elements. The means used to make target customers aware of the brand and efforts to persuade customers are elements of promotion. Place elements are concerned with where the brand is available and making it easy for target customers to access it. Recruitment, training, motivation and motivation of people are important for branding a service. The service process must be broken in to detailed and sequential steps so that the service can be rendered uniformly and in time. Preferential customer services involve pre-transaction, transaction and post-transaction elements. Physical evidence provides hints and clues that help a customer remember the branding of a service even though it is intangible.
The dimensions, accessories and packaging of a doll, advertising in cartoon channels and magazines for the young, the fit of unit price within the budget of a parent who wants to buy a present and prominent display in toy shops are examples of marketing mix elements that would support a toy manufacturer¡¯s position for the target of girls.
Recruitment of fun-loving and sports-minded people, training them to serve guests, motivating them to ensure that customers enjoy their holiday and empowering them to take care of individual needs, would be an example of using the people element to support branding of a holiday resort. Such a resort would need to plan reception of guests, local transport, recreational activities, evening entertainment and fun-food for children, to ensure that the entire family has a good time. This would be an example of process. This element is also called a service map, blueprint or flowchart. Travel agents and tour operators would constitute preferential customers and the resort should canvass their support in advance, pay special attention to ensure full satisfaction when these important customers actually visit the hotel and follow-up with the agents after their visit, to get feedback and to elicit their support. Casual dress of hotel employees, their relaxed and friendly attitude and visible signs of recreation are examples of the physical evidence that the hotel could use, to reinforce the brand.
Brands are the most enduring and valuable assets of a business. They have to be forged with great care, nurtured over time and reinforced consistently so that they remain indelible at the top of the minds of customers. Successful brands stand out in a crowd of products with similar features and benefits. Studies show IBM to be a standard of branding.
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